Mechanism of Early Flowering in a Landrace Naked Barley <i>eam8.l</i> Mutant
The <i>EARLY MATURITY 8</i> (<i>EAM8</i>) gene of barley is homologous to the <i>EARLY FLOWERING 3</i> (<i>ELF3</i>) gene in Arabidopsis, as loss-of-function mutations in this circadian clock gene promote rapid flowering. A previous study demonstrated...
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/9/2137 |
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| author | Chengzhi Mao Jinqing Xu Handong Wang Tongrui Chen Haiyan Bian En You Yuhu Shen Lei Wang |
| author_facet | Chengzhi Mao Jinqing Xu Handong Wang Tongrui Chen Haiyan Bian En You Yuhu Shen Lei Wang |
| author_sort | Chengzhi Mao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The <i>EARLY MATURITY 8</i> (<i>EAM8</i>) gene of barley is homologous to the <i>EARLY FLOWERING 3</i> (<i>ELF3</i>) gene in Arabidopsis, as loss-of-function mutations in this circadian clock gene promote rapid flowering. A previous study demonstrated that the early flowering phenotype of a hulless barley, Lalu, was due to allele <i>eam8.l</i> carrying an alternative splicing mutation in intron 3 that led to intron retention. In the present study, we verified that <i>eam8.l</i> encoded a truncated protein. Although <i>EAM8</i> was expressed at a higher level in Lalu than in other barley lines with a longer growth period, it did not negatively regulate flowering time. This result further proved that the <i>eam8.l</i> protein was nonfunctional in regulating flowering in barley. The early flowering phenotype of Lalu plants was strongly dependent on the biosynthesis of gibberellin (GA). The <i>eam8.l</i> mutation stopped the suppression of GA biosynthesis, and Lalu accumulated excessive GA, especially in leaves. This was achieved through the upregulated expression of genes in the GA pathway, including <i>GA20ox2</i>, <i>LFY1</i>, <i>SOC1</i>, <i>PAP2</i>, and <i>FPF3</i>. The mutation of the <i>EAM8</i> gene also abolished the inhibition of <i>FLOWERING LOCUS T-like</i> (<i>FT1</i>) gene expression at night. During the night, expression levels of the <i>FT1</i> gene were higher than those during the day in Lalu. However, the GA-dependent pathway and <i>FT1</i> gene mechanism are two independent pathways that promote flowering in Lalu. Alleles of <i>EAM8</i>, therefore, demonstrated an important breeding value in barley, which is probably effective in many other day-length-sensitive crop plants as well; thus, they could be used to tune adaptation in different geographic regions and climatic conditions, a critical issue in times of global warming. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:59:28Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-3ca857d0307a4974a14e0f8e6bbdc2642023-11-23T14:37:56ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952022-09-01129213710.3390/agronomy12092137Mechanism of Early Flowering in a Landrace Naked Barley <i>eam8.l</i> MutantChengzhi Mao0Jinqing Xu1Handong Wang2Tongrui Chen3Haiyan Bian4En You5Yuhu Shen6Lei Wang7Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Germplasm Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, ChinaLaboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Germplasm Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, ChinaLaboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Germplasm Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, ChinaLaboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Germplasm Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, ChinaLaboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Germplasm Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, ChinaLaboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Germplasm Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, ChinaLaboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Germplasm Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, ChinaLaboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Germplasm Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, ChinaThe <i>EARLY MATURITY 8</i> (<i>EAM8</i>) gene of barley is homologous to the <i>EARLY FLOWERING 3</i> (<i>ELF3</i>) gene in Arabidopsis, as loss-of-function mutations in this circadian clock gene promote rapid flowering. A previous study demonstrated that the early flowering phenotype of a hulless barley, Lalu, was due to allele <i>eam8.l</i> carrying an alternative splicing mutation in intron 3 that led to intron retention. In the present study, we verified that <i>eam8.l</i> encoded a truncated protein. Although <i>EAM8</i> was expressed at a higher level in Lalu than in other barley lines with a longer growth period, it did not negatively regulate flowering time. This result further proved that the <i>eam8.l</i> protein was nonfunctional in regulating flowering in barley. The early flowering phenotype of Lalu plants was strongly dependent on the biosynthesis of gibberellin (GA). The <i>eam8.l</i> mutation stopped the suppression of GA biosynthesis, and Lalu accumulated excessive GA, especially in leaves. This was achieved through the upregulated expression of genes in the GA pathway, including <i>GA20ox2</i>, <i>LFY1</i>, <i>SOC1</i>, <i>PAP2</i>, and <i>FPF3</i>. The mutation of the <i>EAM8</i> gene also abolished the inhibition of <i>FLOWERING LOCUS T-like</i> (<i>FT1</i>) gene expression at night. During the night, expression levels of the <i>FT1</i> gene were higher than those during the day in Lalu. However, the GA-dependent pathway and <i>FT1</i> gene mechanism are two independent pathways that promote flowering in Lalu. Alleles of <i>EAM8</i>, therefore, demonstrated an important breeding value in barley, which is probably effective in many other day-length-sensitive crop plants as well; thus, they could be used to tune adaptation in different geographic regions and climatic conditions, a critical issue in times of global warming.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/9/2137naked barleyearly flowering<i>EARLY MATURITY 8</i>gibberellin<i>FLOWERING LOCUS T-like</i> |
| spellingShingle | Chengzhi Mao Jinqing Xu Handong Wang Tongrui Chen Haiyan Bian En You Yuhu Shen Lei Wang Mechanism of Early Flowering in a Landrace Naked Barley <i>eam8.l</i> Mutant Agronomy naked barley early flowering <i>EARLY MATURITY 8</i> gibberellin <i>FLOWERING LOCUS T-like</i> |
| title | Mechanism of Early Flowering in a Landrace Naked Barley <i>eam8.l</i> Mutant |
| title_full | Mechanism of Early Flowering in a Landrace Naked Barley <i>eam8.l</i> Mutant |
| title_fullStr | Mechanism of Early Flowering in a Landrace Naked Barley <i>eam8.l</i> Mutant |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mechanism of Early Flowering in a Landrace Naked Barley <i>eam8.l</i> Mutant |
| title_short | Mechanism of Early Flowering in a Landrace Naked Barley <i>eam8.l</i> Mutant |
| title_sort | mechanism of early flowering in a landrace naked barley i eam8 l i mutant |
| topic | naked barley early flowering <i>EARLY MATURITY 8</i> gibberellin <i>FLOWERING LOCUS T-like</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/9/2137 |
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