Immunity after COVID-19 Recovery and Vaccination: Similarities and Differences
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is associated with a robust immune response. The development of systemic inflammation leads to a hyperinflammatory state due to cytokine release syndrome during severe COVID-19....
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/7/1068 |
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| author | Dorota Kamińska Dominika Dęborska-Materkowska Katarzyna Kościelska-Kasprzak Oktawia Mazanowska Agata Remiorz Paweł Poznański Magdalena Durlik Magdalena Krajewska |
| author_facet | Dorota Kamińska Dominika Dęborska-Materkowska Katarzyna Kościelska-Kasprzak Oktawia Mazanowska Agata Remiorz Paweł Poznański Magdalena Durlik Magdalena Krajewska |
| author_sort | Dorota Kamińska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is associated with a robust immune response. The development of systemic inflammation leads to a hyperinflammatory state due to cytokine release syndrome during severe COVID-19. The emergence of many new SARS-CoV-2 variants across the world deteriorates the protective antiviral immunity induced after infection or vaccination. The innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for determining the fate of COVID-19 symptomatology. T cell-mediated immunity is the main factor of the antiviral immune response; moreover, SARS-CoV-2 infection initiates a rapid B-cell response. In this paper, we present the current state of knowledge on immunity after COVID-19 infection and vaccination. We discuss the mechanisms of immune response to various types of vaccines (nucleoside-modified, adenovirus-vectored, inactivated virus vaccines and recombinant protein adjuvanted formulations). This includes specific aspects of vaccination in selected patient populations with altered immune activity (the elderly, children, pregnant women, solid organ transplant recipients, patients with systemic rheumatic diseases or malignancies). We also present diagnostic and research tools available to study the anti-SARS-CoV-2 cellular and humoral immune responses. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:43:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3cae1374614b423b805aec3df65ffb27 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:43:57Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-3cae1374614b423b805aec3df65ffb272023-12-03T12:22:26ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2022-07-01107106810.3390/vaccines10071068Immunity after COVID-19 Recovery and Vaccination: Similarities and DifferencesDorota Kamińska0Dominika Dęborska-Materkowska1Katarzyna Kościelska-Kasprzak2Oktawia Mazanowska3Agata Remiorz4Paweł Poznański5Magdalena Durlik6Magdalena Krajewska7Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, PolandDepartment of Transplantation Medicine, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, PolandDepartment of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, PolandDepartment of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, PolandDepartment of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, PolandDepartment of Transplantation Medicine, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, PolandThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is associated with a robust immune response. The development of systemic inflammation leads to a hyperinflammatory state due to cytokine release syndrome during severe COVID-19. The emergence of many new SARS-CoV-2 variants across the world deteriorates the protective antiviral immunity induced after infection or vaccination. The innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for determining the fate of COVID-19 symptomatology. T cell-mediated immunity is the main factor of the antiviral immune response; moreover, SARS-CoV-2 infection initiates a rapid B-cell response. In this paper, we present the current state of knowledge on immunity after COVID-19 infection and vaccination. We discuss the mechanisms of immune response to various types of vaccines (nucleoside-modified, adenovirus-vectored, inactivated virus vaccines and recombinant protein adjuvanted formulations). This includes specific aspects of vaccination in selected patient populations with altered immune activity (the elderly, children, pregnant women, solid organ transplant recipients, patients with systemic rheumatic diseases or malignancies). We also present diagnostic and research tools available to study the anti-SARS-CoV-2 cellular and humoral immune responses.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/7/1068COVID-19vaccineimmune response |
| spellingShingle | Dorota Kamińska Dominika Dęborska-Materkowska Katarzyna Kościelska-Kasprzak Oktawia Mazanowska Agata Remiorz Paweł Poznański Magdalena Durlik Magdalena Krajewska Immunity after COVID-19 Recovery and Vaccination: Similarities and Differences Vaccines COVID-19 vaccine immune response |
| title | Immunity after COVID-19 Recovery and Vaccination: Similarities and Differences |
| title_full | Immunity after COVID-19 Recovery and Vaccination: Similarities and Differences |
| title_fullStr | Immunity after COVID-19 Recovery and Vaccination: Similarities and Differences |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunity after COVID-19 Recovery and Vaccination: Similarities and Differences |
| title_short | Immunity after COVID-19 Recovery and Vaccination: Similarities and Differences |
| title_sort | immunity after covid 19 recovery and vaccination similarities and differences |
| topic | COVID-19 vaccine immune response |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/7/1068 |
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