Assessment of Urban CO<sub>2</sub> Measurement and Source Attribution in Munich Based on TDLAS-WMS and Trajectory Analysis
Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions mainly come from cities and their surrounding areas. Thus, continuous measuring of CO<sub>2</sub> in urban areas is of great significance to studying human CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. We developed a compact, pr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-01-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/1/58 |
| _version_ | 1818127728516268032 |
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| author | Lijuan Lan Homa Ghasemifard Ye Yuan Stephan Hachinger Xinxu Zhao Shrutilipi Bhattacharjee Xiao Bi Yin Bai Annette Menzel Jia Chen |
| author_facet | Lijuan Lan Homa Ghasemifard Ye Yuan Stephan Hachinger Xinxu Zhao Shrutilipi Bhattacharjee Xiao Bi Yin Bai Annette Menzel Jia Chen |
| author_sort | Lijuan Lan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions mainly come from cities and their surrounding areas. Thus, continuous measuring of CO<sub>2</sub> in urban areas is of great significance to studying human CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. We developed a compact, precise, and self-calibrated in-situ CO<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>O sensor based on TDLAS (tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy), WMS (wavelength modulation spectroscopy), and VCSEL (vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser). Multi-harmonic detection is utilized to improve the precision of both measurements to 0.02 ppm for CO<sub>2</sub> and 1.0 ppm for H<sub>2</sub>O. Using the developed sensor, we measured CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations continuously in the city center of Munich, Germany, from February 2018 to January 2019. Urban CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations are strongly affected by several factors, including vegetation photosynthesis and respiration (VPR), planetary boundary layer (PBL) height, and anthropogenic activities. In order to further understand the anthropogenic contribution in terms of CO<sub>2</sub> sources, the HySPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model was applied to calculate six-hour backward trajectories. We analyzed the winter CO<sub>2</sub> with the trajectory clustering, PSCF (potential source contribution function), and CWT (concentration weighted trajectory) methods, and found that local emissions have a great impact on urban CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, with main emission sources in the north and southeast directions of the measurement site. In situations with an uneven trajectory distribution, PSCF proves somewhat superior in predicting the potential emission sources compared to CWT. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T07:21:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3cd76c64f9a24d24aad18531cdb9ceab |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T07:21:58Z |
| publishDate | 2020-01-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-3cd76c64f9a24d24aad18531cdb9ceab2022-12-22T01:16:03ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332020-01-011115810.3390/atmos11010058atmos11010058Assessment of Urban CO<sub>2</sub> Measurement and Source Attribution in Munich Based on TDLAS-WMS and Trajectory AnalysisLijuan Lan0Homa Ghasemifard1Ye Yuan2Stephan Hachinger3Xinxu Zhao4Shrutilipi Bhattacharjee5Xiao Bi6Yin Bai7Annette Menzel8Jia Chen9Professorship of Environmental Sensing and Modeling, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, GermanyProfessorship of Ecoclimatology, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, GermanyProfessorship of Ecoclimatology, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, GermanyLeibniz Supercomputing Center (Leibniz-Rechenzentrum, LRZ) of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 85748 Garching, GermanyProfessorship of Environmental Sensing and Modeling, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, GermanyProfessorship of Environmental Sensing and Modeling, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, GermanyProfessorship of Environmental Sensing and Modeling, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, GermanyProfessorship of Environmental Sensing and Modeling, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, GermanyProfessorship of Ecoclimatology, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, GermanyProfessorship of Environmental Sensing and Modeling, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, GermanyAnthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions mainly come from cities and their surrounding areas. Thus, continuous measuring of CO<sub>2</sub> in urban areas is of great significance to studying human CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. We developed a compact, precise, and self-calibrated in-situ CO<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>O sensor based on TDLAS (tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy), WMS (wavelength modulation spectroscopy), and VCSEL (vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser). Multi-harmonic detection is utilized to improve the precision of both measurements to 0.02 ppm for CO<sub>2</sub> and 1.0 ppm for H<sub>2</sub>O. Using the developed sensor, we measured CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations continuously in the city center of Munich, Germany, from February 2018 to January 2019. Urban CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations are strongly affected by several factors, including vegetation photosynthesis and respiration (VPR), planetary boundary layer (PBL) height, and anthropogenic activities. In order to further understand the anthropogenic contribution in terms of CO<sub>2</sub> sources, the HySPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model was applied to calculate six-hour backward trajectories. We analyzed the winter CO<sub>2</sub> with the trajectory clustering, PSCF (potential source contribution function), and CWT (concentration weighted trajectory) methods, and found that local emissions have a great impact on urban CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, with main emission sources in the north and southeast directions of the measurement site. In situations with an uneven trajectory distribution, PSCF proves somewhat superior in predicting the potential emission sources compared to CWT.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/1/58tdlas-wms sensorco<sub>2</sub> in urban areashysplit modelpscfcwt |
| spellingShingle | Lijuan Lan Homa Ghasemifard Ye Yuan Stephan Hachinger Xinxu Zhao Shrutilipi Bhattacharjee Xiao Bi Yin Bai Annette Menzel Jia Chen Assessment of Urban CO<sub>2</sub> Measurement and Source Attribution in Munich Based on TDLAS-WMS and Trajectory Analysis Atmosphere tdlas-wms sensor co<sub>2</sub> in urban areas hysplit model pscf cwt |
| title | Assessment of Urban CO<sub>2</sub> Measurement and Source Attribution in Munich Based on TDLAS-WMS and Trajectory Analysis |
| title_full | Assessment of Urban CO<sub>2</sub> Measurement and Source Attribution in Munich Based on TDLAS-WMS and Trajectory Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of Urban CO<sub>2</sub> Measurement and Source Attribution in Munich Based on TDLAS-WMS and Trajectory Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of Urban CO<sub>2</sub> Measurement and Source Attribution in Munich Based on TDLAS-WMS and Trajectory Analysis |
| title_short | Assessment of Urban CO<sub>2</sub> Measurement and Source Attribution in Munich Based on TDLAS-WMS and Trajectory Analysis |
| title_sort | assessment of urban co sub 2 sub measurement and source attribution in munich based on tdlas wms and trajectory analysis |
| topic | tdlas-wms sensor co<sub>2</sub> in urban areas hysplit model pscf cwt |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/1/58 |
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