Potential Probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Isolated from a Novel Niche Exhibits Broad Range Antibacterial Activity and Causes Virulence and Metabolic Dysregulation in Enterotoxic <i>E. coli</i>
Microbial life in extreme environments, such as deserts and deep oceans, is thought to have evolved to overcome constraints of nutrient availability, temperature, and suboptimal hygiene environments. Isolation of probiotic bacteria from such niche may provide a competitive edge over traditional prob...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/7/1483 |
| _version_ | 1797526576496115712 |
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| author | Sudhanshu Sudan Robert Flick Linda Nong Julang Li |
| author_facet | Sudhanshu Sudan Robert Flick Linda Nong Julang Li |
| author_sort | Sudhanshu Sudan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Microbial life in extreme environments, such as deserts and deep oceans, is thought to have evolved to overcome constraints of nutrient availability, temperature, and suboptimal hygiene environments. Isolation of probiotic bacteria from such niche may provide a competitive edge over traditional probiotics. Here, we tested the survival, safety, and antimicrobial effect of a recently isolated and potential novel strain of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (CP9) from desert camel in vitro. Antimicrobial assays were performed via radial diffusion, agar spot, and co-culture assays. Cytotoxic analysis was performed using pig intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). Real time-PCR was performed for studying the effect on ETEC virulence genes and metabolomic analysis was performed using LC-MS. The results showed that CP9 cells were viable in varied bile salts and in low pH environments. CP9 showed no apparent cytotoxicity in IPEC-J2 cells. CP9 displayed significant bactericidal effect against Enterotoxic <i>E. coli</i> (ETEC), <i>Salmonella Typhimurium</i>, and <i>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) in a contact inhibitory fashion. CP9 reduced the expression of ETEC virulent genes during a 5 h co-culture. Additionally, a unique emergent metabolic signature in co-culture samples was observed by LC-MS analysis. Our findings indicate that CP9 exhibits a strong antibacterial property and reveals potential mechanisms behind. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:31:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3d0a028315504371874b543f33e41b6e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:31:18Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-3d0a028315504371874b543f33e41b6e2023-11-22T04:26:25ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072021-07-0197148310.3390/microorganisms9071483Potential Probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Isolated from a Novel Niche Exhibits Broad Range Antibacterial Activity and Causes Virulence and Metabolic Dysregulation in Enterotoxic <i>E. coli</i>Sudhanshu Sudan0Robert Flick1Linda Nong2Julang Li3Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, CanadaBiozone, Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, CanadaDepartment of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, CanadaDepartment of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, CanadaMicrobial life in extreme environments, such as deserts and deep oceans, is thought to have evolved to overcome constraints of nutrient availability, temperature, and suboptimal hygiene environments. Isolation of probiotic bacteria from such niche may provide a competitive edge over traditional probiotics. Here, we tested the survival, safety, and antimicrobial effect of a recently isolated and potential novel strain of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (CP9) from desert camel in vitro. Antimicrobial assays were performed via radial diffusion, agar spot, and co-culture assays. Cytotoxic analysis was performed using pig intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). Real time-PCR was performed for studying the effect on ETEC virulence genes and metabolomic analysis was performed using LC-MS. The results showed that CP9 cells were viable in varied bile salts and in low pH environments. CP9 showed no apparent cytotoxicity in IPEC-J2 cells. CP9 displayed significant bactericidal effect against Enterotoxic <i>E. coli</i> (ETEC), <i>Salmonella Typhimurium</i>, and <i>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) in a contact inhibitory fashion. CP9 reduced the expression of ETEC virulent genes during a 5 h co-culture. Additionally, a unique emergent metabolic signature in co-culture samples was observed by LC-MS analysis. Our findings indicate that CP9 exhibits a strong antibacterial property and reveals potential mechanisms behind.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/7/1483probioticbacillus subtilisantimicrobialcontact inhibitionextreme environment |
| spellingShingle | Sudhanshu Sudan Robert Flick Linda Nong Julang Li Potential Probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Isolated from a Novel Niche Exhibits Broad Range Antibacterial Activity and Causes Virulence and Metabolic Dysregulation in Enterotoxic <i>E. coli</i> Microorganisms probiotic bacillus subtilis antimicrobial contact inhibition extreme environment |
| title | Potential Probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Isolated from a Novel Niche Exhibits Broad Range Antibacterial Activity and Causes Virulence and Metabolic Dysregulation in Enterotoxic <i>E. coli</i> |
| title_full | Potential Probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Isolated from a Novel Niche Exhibits Broad Range Antibacterial Activity and Causes Virulence and Metabolic Dysregulation in Enterotoxic <i>E. coli</i> |
| title_fullStr | Potential Probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Isolated from a Novel Niche Exhibits Broad Range Antibacterial Activity and Causes Virulence and Metabolic Dysregulation in Enterotoxic <i>E. coli</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Potential Probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Isolated from a Novel Niche Exhibits Broad Range Antibacterial Activity and Causes Virulence and Metabolic Dysregulation in Enterotoxic <i>E. coli</i> |
| title_short | Potential Probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Isolated from a Novel Niche Exhibits Broad Range Antibacterial Activity and Causes Virulence and Metabolic Dysregulation in Enterotoxic <i>E. coli</i> |
| title_sort | potential probiotic i bacillus subtilis i isolated from a novel niche exhibits broad range antibacterial activity and causes virulence and metabolic dysregulation in enterotoxic i e coli i |
| topic | probiotic bacillus subtilis antimicrobial contact inhibition extreme environment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/7/1483 |
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