A Review of LIDAR Radiometric Processing: From Ad Hoc Intensity Correction to Rigorous Radiometric Calibration
In addition to precise 3D coordinates, most light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems also record “intensity”, loosely defined as the strength of the backscattered echo for each measured point. To date, LIDAR intensity data have proven beneficial in a wide range of applications because they are re...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2015-11-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/11/28099 |
| _version_ | 1811185266701893632 |
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| author | Alireza G. Kashani Michael J. Olsen Christopher E. Parrish Nicholas Wilson |
| author_facet | Alireza G. Kashani Michael J. Olsen Christopher E. Parrish Nicholas Wilson |
| author_sort | Alireza G. Kashani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In addition to precise 3D coordinates, most light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems also record “intensity”, loosely defined as the strength of the backscattered echo for each measured point. To date, LIDAR intensity data have proven beneficial in a wide range of applications because they are related to surface parameters, such as reflectance. While numerous procedures have been introduced in the scientific literature, and even commercial software, to enhance the utility of intensity data through a variety of “normalization”, “correction”, or “calibration” techniques, the current situation is complicated by a lack of standardization, as well as confusing, inconsistent use of terminology. In this paper, we first provide an overview of basic principles of LIDAR intensity measurements and applications utilizing intensity information from terrestrial, airborne topographic, and airborne bathymetric LIDAR. Next, we review effective parameters on intensity measurements, basic theory, and current intensity processing methods. We define terminology adopted from the most commonly-used conventions based on a review of current literature. Finally, we identify topics in need of further research. Ultimately, the presented information helps lay the foundation for future standards and specifications for LIDAR radiometric calibration. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:27:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3d21eea49bb1478abec84922cf9a8e57 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:27:36Z |
| publishDate | 2015-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-3d21eea49bb1478abec84922cf9a8e572022-12-22T04:22:00ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202015-11-011511280992812810.3390/s151128099s151128099A Review of LIDAR Radiometric Processing: From Ad Hoc Intensity Correction to Rigorous Radiometric CalibrationAlireza G. Kashani0Michael J. Olsen1Christopher E. Parrish2Nicholas Wilson3School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, 101 Kearney Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USASchool of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, 101 Kearney Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USASchool of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, 101 Kearney Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USASchool of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, 101 Kearney Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USAIn addition to precise 3D coordinates, most light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems also record “intensity”, loosely defined as the strength of the backscattered echo for each measured point. To date, LIDAR intensity data have proven beneficial in a wide range of applications because they are related to surface parameters, such as reflectance. While numerous procedures have been introduced in the scientific literature, and even commercial software, to enhance the utility of intensity data through a variety of “normalization”, “correction”, or “calibration” techniques, the current situation is complicated by a lack of standardization, as well as confusing, inconsistent use of terminology. In this paper, we first provide an overview of basic principles of LIDAR intensity measurements and applications utilizing intensity information from terrestrial, airborne topographic, and airborne bathymetric LIDAR. Next, we review effective parameters on intensity measurements, basic theory, and current intensity processing methods. We define terminology adopted from the most commonly-used conventions based on a review of current literature. Finally, we identify topics in need of further research. Ultimately, the presented information helps lay the foundation for future standards and specifications for LIDAR radiometric calibration.http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/11/28099LIDARlaser scanningintensitynormalizationcorrectioncalibrationradiometric |
| spellingShingle | Alireza G. Kashani Michael J. Olsen Christopher E. Parrish Nicholas Wilson A Review of LIDAR Radiometric Processing: From Ad Hoc Intensity Correction to Rigorous Radiometric Calibration Sensors LIDAR laser scanning intensity normalization correction calibration radiometric |
| title | A Review of LIDAR Radiometric Processing: From Ad Hoc Intensity Correction to Rigorous Radiometric Calibration |
| title_full | A Review of LIDAR Radiometric Processing: From Ad Hoc Intensity Correction to Rigorous Radiometric Calibration |
| title_fullStr | A Review of LIDAR Radiometric Processing: From Ad Hoc Intensity Correction to Rigorous Radiometric Calibration |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Review of LIDAR Radiometric Processing: From Ad Hoc Intensity Correction to Rigorous Radiometric Calibration |
| title_short | A Review of LIDAR Radiometric Processing: From Ad Hoc Intensity Correction to Rigorous Radiometric Calibration |
| title_sort | review of lidar radiometric processing from ad hoc intensity correction to rigorous radiometric calibration |
| topic | LIDAR laser scanning intensity normalization correction calibration radiometric |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/11/28099 |
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