Electrochemical Wearable Biosensors and Bioelectronic Devices Based on Hydrogels: Mechanical Properties and Electrochemical Behavior
Hydrogel-based wearable electrochemical biosensors (HWEBs) are emerging biomedical devices that have recently received immense interest. The exceptional properties of HWEBs include excellent biocompatibility with hydrophilic nature, high porosity, tailorable permeability, the capability of reliable...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-08-01
|
| Series: | Biosensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/8/823 |
| _version_ | 1827730156831113216 |
|---|---|
| author | Mohsen Saeidi Hossein Chenani Mina Orouji MahsaSadat Adel Rastkhiz Nafiseh Bolghanabadi Shaghayegh Vakili Zahra Mohamadnia Amir Hatamie Abdolreza (Arash) Simchi |
| author_facet | Mohsen Saeidi Hossein Chenani Mina Orouji MahsaSadat Adel Rastkhiz Nafiseh Bolghanabadi Shaghayegh Vakili Zahra Mohamadnia Amir Hatamie Abdolreza (Arash) Simchi |
| author_sort | Mohsen Saeidi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hydrogel-based wearable electrochemical biosensors (HWEBs) are emerging biomedical devices that have recently received immense interest. The exceptional properties of HWEBs include excellent biocompatibility with hydrophilic nature, high porosity, tailorable permeability, the capability of reliable and accurate detection of disease biomarkers, suitable device–human interface, facile adjustability, and stimuli responsive to the nanofiller materials. Although the biomimetic three-dimensional hydrogels can immobilize bioreceptors, such as enzymes and aptamers, without any loss in their activities. However, most HWEBs suffer from low mechanical strength and electrical conductivity. Many studies have been performed on emerging electroactive nanofillers, including biomacromolecules, carbon-based materials, and inorganic and organic nanomaterials, to tackle these issues. Non-conductive hydrogels and even conductive hydrogels may be modified by nanofillers, as well as redox species. All these modifications have led to the design and development of efficient nanocomposites as electrochemical biosensors. In this review, both conductive-based and non-conductive-based hydrogels derived from natural and synthetic polymers are systematically reviewed. The main synthesis methods and characterization techniques are addressed. The mechanical properties and electrochemical behavior of HWEBs are discussed in detail. Finally, the prospects and potential applications of HWEBs in biosensing, healthcare monitoring, and clinical diagnostics are highlighted. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:05:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3d246573c08e4b34ad1676a12116d9b8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6374 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:05:15Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biosensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-3d246573c08e4b34ad1676a12116d9b82023-11-19T00:25:47ZengMDPI AGBiosensors2079-63742023-08-0113882310.3390/bios13080823Electrochemical Wearable Biosensors and Bioelectronic Devices Based on Hydrogels: Mechanical Properties and Electrochemical BehaviorMohsen Saeidi0Hossein Chenani1Mina Orouji2MahsaSadat Adel Rastkhiz3Nafiseh Bolghanabadi4Shaghayegh Vakili5Zahra Mohamadnia6Amir Hatamie7Abdolreza (Arash) Simchi8Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, IranDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, IranDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, IranDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, IranDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, IranPolymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-38791, IranDepartment of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Science (IASBS), Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, IranDepartment of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Science (IASBS), Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, IranDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, IranHydrogel-based wearable electrochemical biosensors (HWEBs) are emerging biomedical devices that have recently received immense interest. The exceptional properties of HWEBs include excellent biocompatibility with hydrophilic nature, high porosity, tailorable permeability, the capability of reliable and accurate detection of disease biomarkers, suitable device–human interface, facile adjustability, and stimuli responsive to the nanofiller materials. Although the biomimetic three-dimensional hydrogels can immobilize bioreceptors, such as enzymes and aptamers, without any loss in their activities. However, most HWEBs suffer from low mechanical strength and electrical conductivity. Many studies have been performed on emerging electroactive nanofillers, including biomacromolecules, carbon-based materials, and inorganic and organic nanomaterials, to tackle these issues. Non-conductive hydrogels and even conductive hydrogels may be modified by nanofillers, as well as redox species. All these modifications have led to the design and development of efficient nanocomposites as electrochemical biosensors. In this review, both conductive-based and non-conductive-based hydrogels derived from natural and synthetic polymers are systematically reviewed. The main synthesis methods and characterization techniques are addressed. The mechanical properties and electrochemical behavior of HWEBs are discussed in detail. Finally, the prospects and potential applications of HWEBs in biosensing, healthcare monitoring, and clinical diagnostics are highlighted.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/8/823flexible biosensorselectroactive hydrogelbiocompatible polymerelectrochemistrymechanical behavior |
| spellingShingle | Mohsen Saeidi Hossein Chenani Mina Orouji MahsaSadat Adel Rastkhiz Nafiseh Bolghanabadi Shaghayegh Vakili Zahra Mohamadnia Amir Hatamie Abdolreza (Arash) Simchi Electrochemical Wearable Biosensors and Bioelectronic Devices Based on Hydrogels: Mechanical Properties and Electrochemical Behavior Biosensors flexible biosensors electroactive hydrogel biocompatible polymer electrochemistry mechanical behavior |
| title | Electrochemical Wearable Biosensors and Bioelectronic Devices Based on Hydrogels: Mechanical Properties and Electrochemical Behavior |
| title_full | Electrochemical Wearable Biosensors and Bioelectronic Devices Based on Hydrogels: Mechanical Properties and Electrochemical Behavior |
| title_fullStr | Electrochemical Wearable Biosensors and Bioelectronic Devices Based on Hydrogels: Mechanical Properties and Electrochemical Behavior |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electrochemical Wearable Biosensors and Bioelectronic Devices Based on Hydrogels: Mechanical Properties and Electrochemical Behavior |
| title_short | Electrochemical Wearable Biosensors and Bioelectronic Devices Based on Hydrogels: Mechanical Properties and Electrochemical Behavior |
| title_sort | electrochemical wearable biosensors and bioelectronic devices based on hydrogels mechanical properties and electrochemical behavior |
| topic | flexible biosensors electroactive hydrogel biocompatible polymer electrochemistry mechanical behavior |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/8/823 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mohsensaeidi electrochemicalwearablebiosensorsandbioelectronicdevicesbasedonhydrogelsmechanicalpropertiesandelectrochemicalbehavior AT hosseinchenani electrochemicalwearablebiosensorsandbioelectronicdevicesbasedonhydrogelsmechanicalpropertiesandelectrochemicalbehavior AT minaorouji electrochemicalwearablebiosensorsandbioelectronicdevicesbasedonhydrogelsmechanicalpropertiesandelectrochemicalbehavior AT mahsasadatadelrastkhiz electrochemicalwearablebiosensorsandbioelectronicdevicesbasedonhydrogelsmechanicalpropertiesandelectrochemicalbehavior AT nafisehbolghanabadi electrochemicalwearablebiosensorsandbioelectronicdevicesbasedonhydrogelsmechanicalpropertiesandelectrochemicalbehavior AT shaghayeghvakili electrochemicalwearablebiosensorsandbioelectronicdevicesbasedonhydrogelsmechanicalpropertiesandelectrochemicalbehavior AT zahramohamadnia electrochemicalwearablebiosensorsandbioelectronicdevicesbasedonhydrogelsmechanicalpropertiesandelectrochemicalbehavior AT amirhatamie electrochemicalwearablebiosensorsandbioelectronicdevicesbasedonhydrogelsmechanicalpropertiesandelectrochemicalbehavior AT abdolrezaarashsimchi electrochemicalwearablebiosensorsandbioelectronicdevicesbasedonhydrogelsmechanicalpropertiesandelectrochemicalbehavior |