Development of a Mobile Open-Circuit Respiration Head Hood System for Measuring Gas Exchange in Camelids in the Andean Plateau
Peru has the largest inventory of alpacas worldwide. Despite their importance as a source of net income for rural communities living at the Andean Plateau, data on energy requirements and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions for alpacas are particularly lacking. In 2019, the International...
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/6/1011 |
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| author | Wilfredo Manuel Rios Rado Paola Katherine Chipa Guillen Dione Huamán Borda Víctor Vélez Marroquín José Ignacio Gere Walter Orestes Antezana Julián Carlos Fernández |
| author_facet | Wilfredo Manuel Rios Rado Paola Katherine Chipa Guillen Dione Huamán Borda Víctor Vélez Marroquín José Ignacio Gere Walter Orestes Antezana Julián Carlos Fernández |
| author_sort | Wilfredo Manuel Rios Rado |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Peru has the largest inventory of alpacas worldwide. Despite their importance as a source of net income for rural communities living at the Andean Plateau, data on energy requirements and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions for alpacas are particularly lacking. In 2019, the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC; 2006, and Refinement 2019) outlined methods for estimating CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from enteric fermentation and no methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) conversion factors were reported for camelids. IPCC has since updated its guidelines for estimating CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from the enteric fermentation of livestock at a national scale. For greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory purposes, conversion factors were developed for ruminants but not for domestic South American camelids (SAC), with this category including alpacas. A mobile open-circuit respirometry system (head hood) for the rapid determination of CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> production, O<sub>2</sub> consumption, and thereafter, heat production (HP) for camelids was built and validated. In addition, an experimental test with eight alpacas was conducted for validation purposes. The average HP measured by indirect calorimetry (respiratory quotient (RQ) method) was close to the average HP determined from the carbon–nitrogen balance (CN method); 402 kJ/kg BW<sup>0.75</sup> and 398 kJ/kg BW<sup>0.75</sup>, respectively. Fasting HP was determined by the RQ method and 250 kJ/kg BW<sup>0.75</sup> was obtained. The metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance (MEm) was calculated to be 323 kJ/kg BW<sup>0.75</sup> with an efficiency of energy utilization of 77%. When intake was adjusted to zero energy retention by linear regression, the MEm requirement increased to 369 kJ/kg BW<sup>0.75</sup> and the efficiency decreased up to 68%. The CH<sub>4</sub> conversion factor (Y<sub>m</sub>) was 5.5% on average. Further research is required to gain a better understanding of the energy requirements and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions of alpacas in conditions of the Andean Plateau and to quantify them with greater accuracy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:02:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3d26373d54764669b25c1ae2b0553624 |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:02:23Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-3d26373d54764669b25c1ae2b05536242023-11-17T09:11:04ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152023-03-01136101110.3390/ani13061011Development of a Mobile Open-Circuit Respiration Head Hood System for Measuring Gas Exchange in Camelids in the Andean PlateauWilfredo Manuel Rios Rado0Paola Katherine Chipa Guillen1Dione Huamán Borda2Víctor Vélez Marroquín3José Ignacio Gere4Walter Orestes Antezana Julián5Carlos Fernández6Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. de La Cultura 733, Cusco 921, PeruFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. de La Cultura 733, Cusco 921, PeruFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. de La Cultura 733, Cusco 921, PeruEstación IVITA—Maranganí, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Cusco 08258, PeruEstación IVITA—Maranganí, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Cusco 08258, PeruFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. de La Cultura 733, Cusco 921, PeruInstitute for Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, SpainPeru has the largest inventory of alpacas worldwide. Despite their importance as a source of net income for rural communities living at the Andean Plateau, data on energy requirements and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions for alpacas are particularly lacking. In 2019, the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC; 2006, and Refinement 2019) outlined methods for estimating CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from enteric fermentation and no methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) conversion factors were reported for camelids. IPCC has since updated its guidelines for estimating CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from the enteric fermentation of livestock at a national scale. For greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory purposes, conversion factors were developed for ruminants but not for domestic South American camelids (SAC), with this category including alpacas. A mobile open-circuit respirometry system (head hood) for the rapid determination of CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> production, O<sub>2</sub> consumption, and thereafter, heat production (HP) for camelids was built and validated. In addition, an experimental test with eight alpacas was conducted for validation purposes. The average HP measured by indirect calorimetry (respiratory quotient (RQ) method) was close to the average HP determined from the carbon–nitrogen balance (CN method); 402 kJ/kg BW<sup>0.75</sup> and 398 kJ/kg BW<sup>0.75</sup>, respectively. Fasting HP was determined by the RQ method and 250 kJ/kg BW<sup>0.75</sup> was obtained. The metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance (MEm) was calculated to be 323 kJ/kg BW<sup>0.75</sup> with an efficiency of energy utilization of 77%. When intake was adjusted to zero energy retention by linear regression, the MEm requirement increased to 369 kJ/kg BW<sup>0.75</sup> and the efficiency decreased up to 68%. The CH<sub>4</sub> conversion factor (Y<sub>m</sub>) was 5.5% on average. Further research is required to gain a better understanding of the energy requirements and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions of alpacas in conditions of the Andean Plateau and to quantify them with greater accuracy.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/6/1011alpacasemissionshead hoodmaintenance requirementmethane |
| spellingShingle | Wilfredo Manuel Rios Rado Paola Katherine Chipa Guillen Dione Huamán Borda Víctor Vélez Marroquín José Ignacio Gere Walter Orestes Antezana Julián Carlos Fernández Development of a Mobile Open-Circuit Respiration Head Hood System for Measuring Gas Exchange in Camelids in the Andean Plateau Animals alpacas emissions head hood maintenance requirement methane |
| title | Development of a Mobile Open-Circuit Respiration Head Hood System for Measuring Gas Exchange in Camelids in the Andean Plateau |
| title_full | Development of a Mobile Open-Circuit Respiration Head Hood System for Measuring Gas Exchange in Camelids in the Andean Plateau |
| title_fullStr | Development of a Mobile Open-Circuit Respiration Head Hood System for Measuring Gas Exchange in Camelids in the Andean Plateau |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of a Mobile Open-Circuit Respiration Head Hood System for Measuring Gas Exchange in Camelids in the Andean Plateau |
| title_short | Development of a Mobile Open-Circuit Respiration Head Hood System for Measuring Gas Exchange in Camelids in the Andean Plateau |
| title_sort | development of a mobile open circuit respiration head hood system for measuring gas exchange in camelids in the andean plateau |
| topic | alpacas emissions head hood maintenance requirement methane |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/6/1011 |
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