Profiling of Amatoxins and Phallotoxins in the Genus Lepiota by Liquid Chromatography Combined with UV Absorbance and Mass Spectrometry
Species in the mushroom genus Lepiota can cause fatal mushroom poisonings due to their content of amatoxins such as α-amanitin. Previous studies of the toxin composition of poisonous Lepiota species relied on analytical methods of low sensitivity or resolution. Using liquid chromatography coupled t...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2014-08-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/6/8/2336 |
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| author | R. Michael Sgambelluri Sara Epis Davide Sassera Hong Luo Evan R. Angelos Jonathan D. Walton |
| author_facet | R. Michael Sgambelluri Sara Epis Davide Sassera Hong Luo Evan R. Angelos Jonathan D. Walton |
| author_sort | R. Michael Sgambelluri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Species in the mushroom genus Lepiota can cause fatal mushroom poisonings due to their content of amatoxins such as α-amanitin. Previous studies of the toxin composition of poisonous Lepiota species relied on analytical methods of low sensitivity or resolution. Using liquid chromatography coupled to UV absorbance and mass spectrometry, we analyzed the spectrum of peptide toxins present in six Italian species of Lepiota, including multiple samples of three of them collected in different locations. Field taxonomic identifications were confirmed by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. For comparison, we also analyzed specimens of Amanita phalloides from Italy and California, a specimen of A. virosa from Italy, and a laboratory-grown sample of Galerina marginata. α-Amanitin, β-amanitin, amanin, and amaninamide were detected in all samples of L. brunneoincarnata, and α-amanitin and γ-amanitin were detected in all samples of L. josserandii. Phallotoxins were not detected in either species. No amatoxins or phallotoxins were detected in L. clypeolaria, L. cristata, L. echinacea, or L. magnispora. The Italian and California isolates of A. phalloides had similar profiles of amatoxins and phallotoxins, although the California isolate contained more β-amanitin relative to α-amanitin. Amaninamide was detected only in A. virosa. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:59:15Z |
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| id | doaj.art-3d70449658884c068c8a5c3c24541196 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:59:15Z |
| publishDate | 2014-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-3d70449658884c068c8a5c3c245411962022-12-22T04:22:59ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512014-08-01682336234710.3390/toxins6082336toxins6082336Profiling of Amatoxins and Phallotoxins in the Genus Lepiota by Liquid Chromatography Combined with UV Absorbance and Mass SpectrometryR. Michael Sgambelluri0Sara Epis1Davide Sassera2Hong Luo3Evan R. Angelos4Jonathan D. Walton5Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USADipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 10-20133 Milano, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 10-20133 Milano, ItalyDepartment of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USADepartment of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USADepartment of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USASpecies in the mushroom genus Lepiota can cause fatal mushroom poisonings due to their content of amatoxins such as α-amanitin. Previous studies of the toxin composition of poisonous Lepiota species relied on analytical methods of low sensitivity or resolution. Using liquid chromatography coupled to UV absorbance and mass spectrometry, we analyzed the spectrum of peptide toxins present in six Italian species of Lepiota, including multiple samples of three of them collected in different locations. Field taxonomic identifications were confirmed by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. For comparison, we also analyzed specimens of Amanita phalloides from Italy and California, a specimen of A. virosa from Italy, and a laboratory-grown sample of Galerina marginata. α-Amanitin, β-amanitin, amanin, and amaninamide were detected in all samples of L. brunneoincarnata, and α-amanitin and γ-amanitin were detected in all samples of L. josserandii. Phallotoxins were not detected in either species. No amatoxins or phallotoxins were detected in L. clypeolaria, L. cristata, L. echinacea, or L. magnispora. The Italian and California isolates of A. phalloides had similar profiles of amatoxins and phallotoxins, although the California isolate contained more β-amanitin relative to α-amanitin. Amaninamide was detected only in A. virosa.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/6/8/2336amanitalepiotaamanitinphalloidinphallacidin |
| spellingShingle | R. Michael Sgambelluri Sara Epis Davide Sassera Hong Luo Evan R. Angelos Jonathan D. Walton Profiling of Amatoxins and Phallotoxins in the Genus Lepiota by Liquid Chromatography Combined with UV Absorbance and Mass Spectrometry Toxins amanita lepiota amanitin phalloidin phallacidin |
| title | Profiling of Amatoxins and Phallotoxins in the Genus Lepiota by Liquid Chromatography Combined with UV Absorbance and Mass Spectrometry |
| title_full | Profiling of Amatoxins and Phallotoxins in the Genus Lepiota by Liquid Chromatography Combined with UV Absorbance and Mass Spectrometry |
| title_fullStr | Profiling of Amatoxins and Phallotoxins in the Genus Lepiota by Liquid Chromatography Combined with UV Absorbance and Mass Spectrometry |
| title_full_unstemmed | Profiling of Amatoxins and Phallotoxins in the Genus Lepiota by Liquid Chromatography Combined with UV Absorbance and Mass Spectrometry |
| title_short | Profiling of Amatoxins and Phallotoxins in the Genus Lepiota by Liquid Chromatography Combined with UV Absorbance and Mass Spectrometry |
| title_sort | profiling of amatoxins and phallotoxins in the genus lepiota by liquid chromatography combined with uv absorbance and mass spectrometry |
| topic | amanita lepiota amanitin phalloidin phallacidin |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/6/8/2336 |
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