Processing Optimization and Toxicological Evaluation of “Lead-Free” Piezoceramics: A KNN-Based Case Study
Due to the ever-increasing limitations of the use of lead-based materials, the manufacturing of lead-free piezoceramics with competitive piezoelectric properties and established nontoxicity is considered a priority for the scientific and industrial community. In this work, a lead-free system based o...
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/15/4337 |
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| author | Antonio Iacomini Juan Antonio Tamayo-Ramos Carlos Rumbo Irem Urgen Marzia Mureddu Gabriele Mulas Stefano Enzo Sebastiano Garroni |
| author_facet | Antonio Iacomini Juan Antonio Tamayo-Ramos Carlos Rumbo Irem Urgen Marzia Mureddu Gabriele Mulas Stefano Enzo Sebastiano Garroni |
| author_sort | Antonio Iacomini |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Due to the ever-increasing limitations of the use of lead-based materials, the manufacturing of lead-free piezoceramics with competitive piezoelectric properties and established nontoxicity is considered a priority for the scientific and industrial community. In this work, a lead-free system based on sodium potassium niobate (KNN), opportunely modified with MgNb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub> (MN), was prepared through a combination of a mechanochemical activation method and air sintering, and its toxicity was evaluated. The effect of the mechanical processing on the microstructure refinement of the processed powders was established by X-ray diffraction and the average crystallite size content of the Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> species was evaluated. The experimental evidence was rationalized using a phenomenological model which permitted us to obtain the amount of powder processed at each collision and to optimize the activation step of the pre-calcined reagents. This influenced the final density and piezoresponse of the as-sintered pellets, which showed optimal properties compared with other KNN systems. Their toxicological potential was evaluated through exposure experiments to the pulverized KNN-based pellets, employing two widely used human and environmental cellular models. The in vitro assays proved, under the selected conditions, the absence of cytotoxicity of KNN-bases systems here studied. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:11:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3d70ca3e265342fa9cd14db0bee1c862 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:11:51Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-3d70ca3e265342fa9cd14db0bee1c8622023-11-22T05:55:17ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442021-08-011415433710.3390/ma14154337Processing Optimization and Toxicological Evaluation of “Lead-Free” Piezoceramics: A KNN-Based Case StudyAntonio Iacomini0Juan Antonio Tamayo-Ramos1Carlos Rumbo2Irem Urgen3Marzia Mureddu4Gabriele Mulas5Stefano Enzo6Sebastiano Garroni7Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari and INSTM, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, ItalyInternational Research Centre in Critical Raw Materials—ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, SpainInternational Research Centre in Critical Raw Materials—ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, SpainInternational Research Centre in Critical Raw Materials—ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, SpainDepartment of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari and INSTM, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, ItalyDepartment of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari and INSTM, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, ItalyDepartment of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari and INSTM, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, ItalyDepartment of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari and INSTM, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, ItalyDue to the ever-increasing limitations of the use of lead-based materials, the manufacturing of lead-free piezoceramics with competitive piezoelectric properties and established nontoxicity is considered a priority for the scientific and industrial community. In this work, a lead-free system based on sodium potassium niobate (KNN), opportunely modified with MgNb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub> (MN), was prepared through a combination of a mechanochemical activation method and air sintering, and its toxicity was evaluated. The effect of the mechanical processing on the microstructure refinement of the processed powders was established by X-ray diffraction and the average crystallite size content of the Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> species was evaluated. The experimental evidence was rationalized using a phenomenological model which permitted us to obtain the amount of powder processed at each collision and to optimize the activation step of the pre-calcined reagents. This influenced the final density and piezoresponse of the as-sintered pellets, which showed optimal properties compared with other KNN systems. Their toxicological potential was evaluated through exposure experiments to the pulverized KNN-based pellets, employing two widely used human and environmental cellular models. The in vitro assays proved, under the selected conditions, the absence of cytotoxicity of KNN-bases systems here studied.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/15/4337lead-free piezoceramicssodium potassium niobateprocessingtoxicity assaysX-ray diffractionmechanochemistry |
| spellingShingle | Antonio Iacomini Juan Antonio Tamayo-Ramos Carlos Rumbo Irem Urgen Marzia Mureddu Gabriele Mulas Stefano Enzo Sebastiano Garroni Processing Optimization and Toxicological Evaluation of “Lead-Free” Piezoceramics: A KNN-Based Case Study Materials lead-free piezoceramics sodium potassium niobate processing toxicity assays X-ray diffraction mechanochemistry |
| title | Processing Optimization and Toxicological Evaluation of “Lead-Free” Piezoceramics: A KNN-Based Case Study |
| title_full | Processing Optimization and Toxicological Evaluation of “Lead-Free” Piezoceramics: A KNN-Based Case Study |
| title_fullStr | Processing Optimization and Toxicological Evaluation of “Lead-Free” Piezoceramics: A KNN-Based Case Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Processing Optimization and Toxicological Evaluation of “Lead-Free” Piezoceramics: A KNN-Based Case Study |
| title_short | Processing Optimization and Toxicological Evaluation of “Lead-Free” Piezoceramics: A KNN-Based Case Study |
| title_sort | processing optimization and toxicological evaluation of lead free piezoceramics a knn based case study |
| topic | lead-free piezoceramics sodium potassium niobate processing toxicity assays X-ray diffraction mechanochemistry |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/15/4337 |
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