Toxin–Antitoxin Systems in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>
Toxin−antitoxin (TA) systems were originally discovered as plasmid maintenance systems in a multitude of free-living bacteria, but were afterwards found to also be widespread in bacterial chromosomes. TA loci comprise two genes, one coding for a stable toxin whose overexpression kills the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-05-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/5/262 |
| _version_ | 1811183984331194368 |
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| author | Sabine Brantl Peter Müller |
| author_facet | Sabine Brantl Peter Müller |
| author_sort | Sabine Brantl |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Toxin−antitoxin (TA) systems were originally discovered as plasmid maintenance systems in a multitude of free-living bacteria, but were afterwards found to also be widespread in bacterial chromosomes. TA loci comprise two genes, one coding for a stable toxin whose overexpression kills the cell or causes growth stasis, and the other coding for an unstable antitoxin that counteracts toxin action. Of the currently known six types of TA systems, in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, so far only type I and type II TA systems were found, all encoded on the chromosome. Here, we review our present knowledge of these systems, the mechanisms of antitoxin and toxin action, and the regulation of their expression, and we discuss their evolution and possible physiological role. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:05:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3d7b3f3a76d846d9b3c855b4c864ace0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:05:49Z |
| publishDate | 2019-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-3d7b3f3a76d846d9b3c855b4c864ace02022-12-22T04:22:45ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512019-05-0111526210.3390/toxins11050262toxins11050262Toxin–Antitoxin Systems in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>Sabine Brantl0Peter Müller1Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Matthias-Schleiden-Institut, AG Bakteriengenetik, Philosophenweg 12, D-07743 Jena, GermanyFriedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Matthias-Schleiden-Institut, AG Bakteriengenetik, Philosophenweg 12, D-07743 Jena, GermanyToxin−antitoxin (TA) systems were originally discovered as plasmid maintenance systems in a multitude of free-living bacteria, but were afterwards found to also be widespread in bacterial chromosomes. TA loci comprise two genes, one coding for a stable toxin whose overexpression kills the cell or causes growth stasis, and the other coding for an unstable antitoxin that counteracts toxin action. Of the currently known six types of TA systems, in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, so far only type I and type II TA systems were found, all encoded on the chromosome. Here, we review our present knowledge of these systems, the mechanisms of antitoxin and toxin action, and the regulation of their expression, and we discuss their evolution and possible physiological role.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/5/262toxin–antitoxin systemantisense RNAsmall regulatory RNA (sRNA)/target RNA interactiontoxic peptideRNA degradationprophage |
| spellingShingle | Sabine Brantl Peter Müller Toxin–Antitoxin Systems in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Toxins toxin–antitoxin system antisense RNA small regulatory RNA (sRNA)/target RNA interaction toxic peptide RNA degradation prophage |
| title | Toxin–Antitoxin Systems in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> |
| title_full | Toxin–Antitoxin Systems in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> |
| title_fullStr | Toxin–Antitoxin Systems in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toxin–Antitoxin Systems in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> |
| title_short | Toxin–Antitoxin Systems in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> |
| title_sort | toxin antitoxin systems in i bacillus subtilis i |
| topic | toxin–antitoxin system antisense RNA small regulatory RNA (sRNA)/target RNA interaction toxic peptide RNA degradation prophage |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/5/262 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sabinebrantl toxinantitoxinsystemsinibacillussubtilisi AT petermuller toxinantitoxinsystemsinibacillussubtilisi |