Structural Control and Electrical Behavior of Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide Samples Assisted with Malonic Acid and Phosphorus Pentoxide
We present a detailed study of the structural and electrical changes occurring in two graphene oxide (GO) samples during thermal reduction in the presence of malonic acid (MA) (5 and 10 wt%) and P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> additives. The morphology and de-oxidation efficiency...
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Inorganics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/10/9/142 |
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| author | Ruta Aukstakojyte Justina Gaidukevic Gediminas Niaura Martynas Skapas Virginijus Bukauskas Jurgis Barkauskas |
| author_facet | Ruta Aukstakojyte Justina Gaidukevic Gediminas Niaura Martynas Skapas Virginijus Bukauskas Jurgis Barkauskas |
| author_sort | Ruta Aukstakojyte |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We present a detailed study of the structural and electrical changes occurring in two graphene oxide (GO) samples during thermal reduction in the presence of malonic acid (MA) (5 and 10 wt%) and P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> additives. The morphology and de-oxidation efficiency of reduced GO (rGO) samples are characterized by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron, energy-dispersive X-ray, Raman spectroscopies, transmission electron and scanning electron microscopies, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electrical conductivity measurements. Results show that MA and P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> additives are responsible for the recovery of π-conjugation in rGO as the XRD pattern presents peaks corresponding to (002) graphitic-lattice planes, suggesting the formation of the sp<sup>2</sup>-like carbon structure. Raman spectra show disorders in graphene sheets. Elemental analysis shows that the proposed reduction method in the presence of additives also suggests the simultaneous insertion of phosphorus with a relatively high content (0.3–2.3 at%) in rGO. Electrical conductivity measurements show that higher amounts of additives used in the GO reduction more effectively improve electron mobility in rGO samples, as they possess the highest electrical conductivity. Moreover, the relatively high conductivity at low bulk density indicates that prepared rGO samples could be applied as metal-free and non-expensive carbon-based electrodes for supercapacitors and (bio)sensors. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:39:46Z |
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| id | doaj.art-3d7c43a078be4b5fac906c7e9b5e89c7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-6740 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:39:46Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Inorganics |
| spelling | doaj.art-3d7c43a078be4b5fac906c7e9b5e89c72023-11-23T16:54:11ZengMDPI AGInorganics2304-67402022-09-0110914210.3390/inorganics10090142Structural Control and Electrical Behavior of Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide Samples Assisted with Malonic Acid and Phosphorus PentoxideRuta Aukstakojyte0Justina Gaidukevic1Gediminas Niaura2Martynas Skapas3Virginijus Bukauskas4Jurgis Barkauskas5Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, LithuaniaFaculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, LithuaniaDepartment of Organic Chemistry, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, LithuaniaDepartment of Characterisation of Materials Structure, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, LithuaniaDepartment of Physical Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, LithuaniaFaculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, LithuaniaWe present a detailed study of the structural and electrical changes occurring in two graphene oxide (GO) samples during thermal reduction in the presence of malonic acid (MA) (5 and 10 wt%) and P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> additives. The morphology and de-oxidation efficiency of reduced GO (rGO) samples are characterized by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron, energy-dispersive X-ray, Raman spectroscopies, transmission electron and scanning electron microscopies, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electrical conductivity measurements. Results show that MA and P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> additives are responsible for the recovery of π-conjugation in rGO as the XRD pattern presents peaks corresponding to (002) graphitic-lattice planes, suggesting the formation of the sp<sup>2</sup>-like carbon structure. Raman spectra show disorders in graphene sheets. Elemental analysis shows that the proposed reduction method in the presence of additives also suggests the simultaneous insertion of phosphorus with a relatively high content (0.3–2.3 at%) in rGO. Electrical conductivity measurements show that higher amounts of additives used in the GO reduction more effectively improve electron mobility in rGO samples, as they possess the highest electrical conductivity. Moreover, the relatively high conductivity at low bulk density indicates that prepared rGO samples could be applied as metal-free and non-expensive carbon-based electrodes for supercapacitors and (bio)sensors.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/10/9/142thermally reduced graphene oxidecarbon suboxidephosphorus doped reduced graphene oxidestructural analysiselectrical conductivity |
| spellingShingle | Ruta Aukstakojyte Justina Gaidukevic Gediminas Niaura Martynas Skapas Virginijus Bukauskas Jurgis Barkauskas Structural Control and Electrical Behavior of Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide Samples Assisted with Malonic Acid and Phosphorus Pentoxide Inorganics thermally reduced graphene oxide carbon suboxide phosphorus doped reduced graphene oxide structural analysis electrical conductivity |
| title | Structural Control and Electrical Behavior of Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide Samples Assisted with Malonic Acid and Phosphorus Pentoxide |
| title_full | Structural Control and Electrical Behavior of Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide Samples Assisted with Malonic Acid and Phosphorus Pentoxide |
| title_fullStr | Structural Control and Electrical Behavior of Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide Samples Assisted with Malonic Acid and Phosphorus Pentoxide |
| title_full_unstemmed | Structural Control and Electrical Behavior of Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide Samples Assisted with Malonic Acid and Phosphorus Pentoxide |
| title_short | Structural Control and Electrical Behavior of Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide Samples Assisted with Malonic Acid and Phosphorus Pentoxide |
| title_sort | structural control and electrical behavior of thermally reduced graphene oxide samples assisted with malonic acid and phosphorus pentoxide |
| topic | thermally reduced graphene oxide carbon suboxide phosphorus doped reduced graphene oxide structural analysis electrical conductivity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/10/9/142 |
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