Combined Use of Ionic Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems and Microfluidic Devices for the Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the cancer types that most affects males worldwide and is among the highest contributors to cancer mortality rates. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find strategies to improve the diagnosis of PCa. Microtechnologies have been gaining ground in biomedical devices,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Biosensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/3/334 |
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| author | Filipa C. Flora Sofia B. Relvas Francisca A. e Silva Mara G. Freire Virginia Chu João Pedro Conde |
| author_facet | Filipa C. Flora Sofia B. Relvas Francisca A. e Silva Mara G. Freire Virginia Chu João Pedro Conde |
| author_sort | Filipa C. Flora |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the cancer types that most affects males worldwide and is among the highest contributors to cancer mortality rates. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find strategies to improve the diagnosis of PCa. Microtechnologies have been gaining ground in biomedical devices, with microfluidics and lab-on-chip systems potentially revolutionizing medical diagnostics. In this paper, it is shown that prostate-specific antigen (PSA) can be detected through an immunoassay performed in a microbead-based microfluidic device after being extracted and purified from a serum sample through an aqueous biphasic system (ABS). Given their well-established status as ABS components for successful bioseparations, ionic liquids (ILs) and polymers were used in combination with buffered salts. Using both IL-based and polymer-based ABS, it was demonstrated that it is possible to detect PSA in non-physiological environments. It was concluded that the ABS that performed better in extracting the PSA from serum were those composed of tetrabutylammonium chloride ([N<sub>4444</sub>]Cl) and tetrabutylphosphonium bromide ([P<sub>4444</sub>]Br), both combined with phosphate buffer, and constituted by polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of 1000 g/mol (PEG1000) with citrate buffer. In comparison with the assay with PSA prepared in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or human serum in which no ABS-mediated extraction was applied, assays attained lower limits of detection after IL-based ABS-mediated extraction. These results reinforce the potential of this method in future point-of-care (PoC) measurements. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:51:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3da2ad718cef437aad854ad3389cbaf0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6374 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:51:24Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biosensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-3da2ad718cef437aad854ad3389cbaf02023-11-17T09:53:54ZengMDPI AGBiosensors2079-63742023-03-0113333410.3390/bios13030334Combined Use of Ionic Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems and Microfluidic Devices for the Detection of Prostate-Specific AntigenFilipa C. Flora0Sofia B. Relvas1Francisca A. e Silva2Mara G. Freire3Virginia Chu4João Pedro Conde5Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores-Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), 1000-029 Lisbon, PortugalInstituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores-Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), 1000-029 Lisbon, PortugalCICECO—Instituto de Materiais de Aveiro, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCICECO—Instituto de Materiais de Aveiro, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalInstituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores-Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), 1000-029 Lisbon, PortugalInstituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores-Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), 1000-029 Lisbon, PortugalProstate cancer (PCa) is one of the cancer types that most affects males worldwide and is among the highest contributors to cancer mortality rates. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find strategies to improve the diagnosis of PCa. Microtechnologies have been gaining ground in biomedical devices, with microfluidics and lab-on-chip systems potentially revolutionizing medical diagnostics. In this paper, it is shown that prostate-specific antigen (PSA) can be detected through an immunoassay performed in a microbead-based microfluidic device after being extracted and purified from a serum sample through an aqueous biphasic system (ABS). Given their well-established status as ABS components for successful bioseparations, ionic liquids (ILs) and polymers were used in combination with buffered salts. Using both IL-based and polymer-based ABS, it was demonstrated that it is possible to detect PSA in non-physiological environments. It was concluded that the ABS that performed better in extracting the PSA from serum were those composed of tetrabutylammonium chloride ([N<sub>4444</sub>]Cl) and tetrabutylphosphonium bromide ([P<sub>4444</sub>]Br), both combined with phosphate buffer, and constituted by polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of 1000 g/mol (PEG1000) with citrate buffer. In comparison with the assay with PSA prepared in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or human serum in which no ABS-mediated extraction was applied, assays attained lower limits of detection after IL-based ABS-mediated extraction. These results reinforce the potential of this method in future point-of-care (PoC) measurements.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/3/334microfluidicsprostate-specific antigenhuman serumaqueous biphasic systemsionic liquidsextraction |
| spellingShingle | Filipa C. Flora Sofia B. Relvas Francisca A. e Silva Mara G. Freire Virginia Chu João Pedro Conde Combined Use of Ionic Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems and Microfluidic Devices for the Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen Biosensors microfluidics prostate-specific antigen human serum aqueous biphasic systems ionic liquids extraction |
| title | Combined Use of Ionic Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems and Microfluidic Devices for the Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen |
| title_full | Combined Use of Ionic Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems and Microfluidic Devices for the Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen |
| title_fullStr | Combined Use of Ionic Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems and Microfluidic Devices for the Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Combined Use of Ionic Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems and Microfluidic Devices for the Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen |
| title_short | Combined Use of Ionic Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems and Microfluidic Devices for the Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen |
| title_sort | combined use of ionic liquid based aqueous biphasic systems and microfluidic devices for the detection of prostate specific antigen |
| topic | microfluidics prostate-specific antigen human serum aqueous biphasic systems ionic liquids extraction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/3/334 |
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