Impact of Agricultural Land Use on Nematode Diversity and Soil Quality in Dalmada, South Africa
During a survey on soil nematode diversity, the soil samples were collected from Field-1 (3-months-not-used land), Field-2 (5-years-not-disturbed land), Field-3 (the rhizosphere of tomatoes), and Field-4 (natural land, not disturbed for 50 years), in Dalmada, Limpopo Province, South Africa. A total...
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Horticulturae |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/7/749 |
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| author | Ebrahim Shokoohi |
| author_facet | Ebrahim Shokoohi |
| author_sort | Ebrahim Shokoohi |
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| description | During a survey on soil nematode diversity, the soil samples were collected from Field-1 (3-months-not-used land), Field-2 (5-years-not-disturbed land), Field-3 (the rhizosphere of tomatoes), and Field-4 (natural land, not disturbed for 50 years), in Dalmada, Limpopo Province, South Africa. A total of 25 nematode genera were found to be associated with the surveyed plant species. The result showed <i>Acrobeloides</i>, <i>Aphelenchus</i>, <i>Aporcella</i>, <i>Ditylenchus</i>, <i>Mesorhabditis, Pratylenchus,</i> and <i>Rotylenchus</i> with a 100% frequency of occurrence. <i>Meloidogyne</i> was detected only in association with Field-3, with a low frequency of occurrence (25%). The study of the relationship between nematodes with physicochemical properties in the soil using Pearson correlation revealed that phosphate of the soil had a positive correlation (<i>r</i> = 0.977) with <i>Bitylenchus</i> and <i>Pseudacrobeles</i> species. In contrast, pH strongly correlated with <i>Nanidorus</i> (<i>r</i> = 0.928), <i>Trypilina</i> (<i>r</i> = 0.925), <i>Xiphinema</i> (<i>r</i> = 0.925), and <i>Zeldia</i> (<i>r</i> = 0.860). The principal component analysis placed Field-4 and Field-3 in two groups, indicating the biodiversity dynamics among the two locations. Soil texture showed that clay was correlated with <i>Rotylenchulus</i>. In contrast, soil texture had no effect on <i>Meloidogyne</i>. The Shannon index was the lowest (1.7) for Field-1 in Dalmada compared to the other Fields, indicating lower nematode diversity. The structure index showed that Field-2 was disturbed with a low C:N ratio. In contrast, Field-3 and Field-4 had suppressive soil but matured and fertile. The network analysis showed that <i>Panagrolaimus</i> was only found in Field-4 and was the most engaging genus describing soil quality in the soil system in Dalmada. In conclusion, Field-2 showed a high diversity of free-living nematodes than the disturbed land of tomatoes. Additionally, plant-parasitic nematodes numbered more in the rhizosphere of tomatoes. The results suggest that the soil nematodes, especially free-living bacterivores, may mediate the effects of ecosystem disturbance on soil health. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:01:29Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-3dab4acadb6b4ac98efeeafd469a60212023-11-18T19:35:09ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242023-06-019774910.3390/horticulturae9070749Impact of Agricultural Land Use on Nematode Diversity and Soil Quality in Dalmada, South AfricaEbrahim Shokoohi0Department of Research Administration and Development, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane 0727, South AfricaDuring a survey on soil nematode diversity, the soil samples were collected from Field-1 (3-months-not-used land), Field-2 (5-years-not-disturbed land), Field-3 (the rhizosphere of tomatoes), and Field-4 (natural land, not disturbed for 50 years), in Dalmada, Limpopo Province, South Africa. A total of 25 nematode genera were found to be associated with the surveyed plant species. The result showed <i>Acrobeloides</i>, <i>Aphelenchus</i>, <i>Aporcella</i>, <i>Ditylenchus</i>, <i>Mesorhabditis, Pratylenchus,</i> and <i>Rotylenchus</i> with a 100% frequency of occurrence. <i>Meloidogyne</i> was detected only in association with Field-3, with a low frequency of occurrence (25%). The study of the relationship between nematodes with physicochemical properties in the soil using Pearson correlation revealed that phosphate of the soil had a positive correlation (<i>r</i> = 0.977) with <i>Bitylenchus</i> and <i>Pseudacrobeles</i> species. In contrast, pH strongly correlated with <i>Nanidorus</i> (<i>r</i> = 0.928), <i>Trypilina</i> (<i>r</i> = 0.925), <i>Xiphinema</i> (<i>r</i> = 0.925), and <i>Zeldia</i> (<i>r</i> = 0.860). The principal component analysis placed Field-4 and Field-3 in two groups, indicating the biodiversity dynamics among the two locations. Soil texture showed that clay was correlated with <i>Rotylenchulus</i>. In contrast, soil texture had no effect on <i>Meloidogyne</i>. The Shannon index was the lowest (1.7) for Field-1 in Dalmada compared to the other Fields, indicating lower nematode diversity. The structure index showed that Field-2 was disturbed with a low C:N ratio. In contrast, Field-3 and Field-4 had suppressive soil but matured and fertile. The network analysis showed that <i>Panagrolaimus</i> was only found in Field-4 and was the most engaging genus describing soil quality in the soil system in Dalmada. In conclusion, Field-2 showed a high diversity of free-living nematodes than the disturbed land of tomatoes. Additionally, plant-parasitic nematodes numbered more in the rhizosphere of tomatoes. The results suggest that the soil nematodes, especially free-living bacterivores, may mediate the effects of ecosystem disturbance on soil health.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/7/749nematodesphysicochemical propertiessoil healthtomato |
| spellingShingle | Ebrahim Shokoohi Impact of Agricultural Land Use on Nematode Diversity and Soil Quality in Dalmada, South Africa Horticulturae nematodes physicochemical properties soil health tomato |
| title | Impact of Agricultural Land Use on Nematode Diversity and Soil Quality in Dalmada, South Africa |
| title_full | Impact of Agricultural Land Use on Nematode Diversity and Soil Quality in Dalmada, South Africa |
| title_fullStr | Impact of Agricultural Land Use on Nematode Diversity and Soil Quality in Dalmada, South Africa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of Agricultural Land Use on Nematode Diversity and Soil Quality in Dalmada, South Africa |
| title_short | Impact of Agricultural Land Use on Nematode Diversity and Soil Quality in Dalmada, South Africa |
| title_sort | impact of agricultural land use on nematode diversity and soil quality in dalmada south africa |
| topic | nematodes physicochemical properties soil health tomato |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/7/749 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ebrahimshokoohi impactofagriculturallanduseonnematodediversityandsoilqualityindalmadasouthafrica |