Botulinum Toxin Therapy for Spasmodic Dysphonia in Japan: The History and an Update

Botulinum Toxin Therapy for Spasmodic Dysphonia in Japan: The History and an Update

Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is a rare neurological disorder that impairs phonatory function by triggering involuntary and intermittent contractions of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles. SD is classified into three types: adductor SD (AdSD), abductor SD (AbSD), and mixed SD. Of these, AdSD accounts for 90...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Masamitsu Hyodo, Kahori Hirose, Asuka Nagao, Maya Nakahira, Taisuke Kobayashi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2022-07-01
Series:Toxins
Subjects:
spasmodic dysphonia
nationwide survey
placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial
type 2 thyroplasty using titanium bridge
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/7/451

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