Infections as Novel Risk Factors of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathophysiological Links and Therapeutic Implications
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) are the major cause of mortality worldwide. Despite the continuous progress in ASCVD therapy, the residual risk persists beyond the management of traditional risk factors. Several infections including <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection, p...
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/12/2539 |
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| author | Piotr Szwed Aleksandra Gąsecka Mateusz Zawadka Ceren Eyileten Marek Postuła Tomasz Mazurek Łukasz Szarpak Krzysztof J. Filipiak |
| author_facet | Piotr Szwed Aleksandra Gąsecka Mateusz Zawadka Ceren Eyileten Marek Postuła Tomasz Mazurek Łukasz Szarpak Krzysztof J. Filipiak |
| author_sort | Piotr Szwed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) are the major cause of mortality worldwide. Despite the continuous progress in ASCVD therapy, the residual risk persists beyond the management of traditional risk factors. Several infections including <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection, periodontal disease, and viral infections are associated with the increased risk of ASCVD, both directly by damage to the heart muscle and vasculature, and indirectly by triggering a systemic proinflammatory state. Hence, beyond the optimal management of the traditional ASCVD risk factors, infections should be considered as an important non-classical risk factor to enable early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Here, we summarized the currently available evidence regarding the role of inflammation in ASCVD and the association between the particular infections and pathogens (<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>, periodontal disease, pneumonia, <i>Cytomegalovirus</i>, <i>Human immunodeficiency virus</i>, <i>Herpes simplex virus</i>, and <i>severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</i>) on the development and progression of ASCVD. We also speculated about the potential therapeutic implications of the anti-inflammatory and anti-infective drugs on ASCVD outcomes, including drugs routinely administered in patients with ASCVD (statins, P2Y12 receptor inhibitors, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers) and novel strategies aiming at residual risk reduction (colchicine, anti-cytokine drugs, and methotrexate). Considering the emerging association between infections and ASCVD, it is crucial to determine the possible advantages of infection prevention and treatment in patients with ASCVD. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:36:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3ddef7faac214877a807c84a48738b4c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:36:58Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-3ddef7faac214877a807c84a48738b4c2023-11-21T23:13:54ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832021-06-011012253910.3390/jcm10122539Infections as Novel Risk Factors of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathophysiological Links and Therapeutic ImplicationsPiotr Szwed0Aleksandra Gąsecka1Mateusz Zawadka2Ceren Eyileten3Marek Postuła4Tomasz Mazurek5Łukasz Szarpak6Krzysztof J. Filipiak71st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland2nd Department of Anaestesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, PolandInstitute of Outcomes Research, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy in Warsaw, 03-411 Warsaw, Poland1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, PolandAtherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) are the major cause of mortality worldwide. Despite the continuous progress in ASCVD therapy, the residual risk persists beyond the management of traditional risk factors. Several infections including <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection, periodontal disease, and viral infections are associated with the increased risk of ASCVD, both directly by damage to the heart muscle and vasculature, and indirectly by triggering a systemic proinflammatory state. Hence, beyond the optimal management of the traditional ASCVD risk factors, infections should be considered as an important non-classical risk factor to enable early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Here, we summarized the currently available evidence regarding the role of inflammation in ASCVD and the association between the particular infections and pathogens (<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>, periodontal disease, pneumonia, <i>Cytomegalovirus</i>, <i>Human immunodeficiency virus</i>, <i>Herpes simplex virus</i>, and <i>severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</i>) on the development and progression of ASCVD. We also speculated about the potential therapeutic implications of the anti-inflammatory and anti-infective drugs on ASCVD outcomes, including drugs routinely administered in patients with ASCVD (statins, P2Y12 receptor inhibitors, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers) and novel strategies aiming at residual risk reduction (colchicine, anti-cytokine drugs, and methotrexate). Considering the emerging association between infections and ASCVD, it is crucial to determine the possible advantages of infection prevention and treatment in patients with ASCVD.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/12/2539atherosclerosiscardiovascular diseaseinfectionsoutcomesrisk factors |
| spellingShingle | Piotr Szwed Aleksandra Gąsecka Mateusz Zawadka Ceren Eyileten Marek Postuła Tomasz Mazurek Łukasz Szarpak Krzysztof J. Filipiak Infections as Novel Risk Factors of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathophysiological Links and Therapeutic Implications Journal of Clinical Medicine atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease infections outcomes risk factors |
| title | Infections as Novel Risk Factors of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathophysiological Links and Therapeutic Implications |
| title_full | Infections as Novel Risk Factors of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathophysiological Links and Therapeutic Implications |
| title_fullStr | Infections as Novel Risk Factors of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathophysiological Links and Therapeutic Implications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Infections as Novel Risk Factors of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathophysiological Links and Therapeutic Implications |
| title_short | Infections as Novel Risk Factors of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathophysiological Links and Therapeutic Implications |
| title_sort | infections as novel risk factors of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases pathophysiological links and therapeutic implications |
| topic | atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease infections outcomes risk factors |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/12/2539 |
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