Diel and seasonal methane dynamics in the shallow and turbulent Wadden Sea
<p>The Wadden Sea is a coastal system along the fringe of the land–sea borders of Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. The Wadden Sea is extremely productive and influenced by strong variations in physical and biological forcing factors that act on timescales of hours to seasons. Productive c...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Copernicus Publications
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Biogeosciences |
| Online Access: | https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/20/3857/2023/bg-20-3857-2023.pdf |
| _version_ | 1827807904418234368 |
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| author | T. R. de Groot A. M. Mol K. Mesdag P. Ramond P. Ramond R. Ndhlovu J. C. Engelmann T. Röckmann H. Niemann H. Niemann H. Niemann |
| author_facet | T. R. de Groot A. M. Mol K. Mesdag P. Ramond P. Ramond R. Ndhlovu J. C. Engelmann T. Röckmann H. Niemann H. Niemann H. Niemann |
| author_sort | T. R. de Groot |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>The Wadden Sea is a coastal system along the fringe of the land–sea
borders of Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. The Wadden Sea is
extremely productive and influenced by strong variations in physical and
biological forcing factors that act on timescales of hours to seasons.
Productive coastal seas are known to dominate the ocean's methane emission
to the atmosphere, but knowledge of controls and temporal variations in methane dynamics in these vastly dynamic systems is scarce. Here we address
this knowledge gap by measuring methane inventories and methanotrophic
activity at a temporal resolution of 1 h over a period of 2 d,
repeatedly during four successive seasons in the central Dutch Wadden Sea.
We found that methane dynamics varied between colder and warmer seasons,
with generally higher water column methane concentrations and methanotrophic
activity in the warmer seasons. The efflux of methane to the atmosphere was, on
the other hand, lower in the warmer seasons because of lower wind speeds. On
a diel scale, tides controlled methanotrophic activity, which increased
<span class="inline-formula">∼40</span> % at low tide compared to high tide. We estimate that
methane oxidizing bacteria reduce the methane budget of the Dutch Wadden Sea
by only 2 %, while <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="31pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="2130386ebeb62c2e60c7624d6992db57"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-20-3857-2023-ie00001.svg" width="31pt" height="14pt" src="bg-20-3857-2023-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> escapes to the atmosphere and
<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="31pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="dcd410b7478ca1e0f1e2621367c90d58"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-20-3857-2023-ie00002.svg" width="31pt" height="14pt" src="bg-20-3857-2023-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> are flushed out into the open North Sea at ebb tide. Our
findings indicate that tides play a key role in controlling methane dynamics
and methanotrophic activity and highlight the importance of high-resolution
and repeated sampling strategies to resolve methane dynamics in
fast-changing coastal systems.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T22:04:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3deb24e5d95d4f7d89ac8f5c00f51d3f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1726-4170 1726-4189 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T22:04:41Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biogeosciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-3deb24e5d95d4f7d89ac8f5c00f51d3f2023-09-25T09:00:10ZengCopernicus PublicationsBiogeosciences1726-41701726-41892023-09-01203857387210.5194/bg-20-3857-2023Diel and seasonal methane dynamics in the shallow and turbulent Wadden SeaT. R. de Groot0A. M. Mol1K. Mesdag2P. Ramond3P. Ramond4R. Ndhlovu5J. C. Engelmann6T. Röckmann7H. Niemann8H. Niemann9H. Niemann10Department of Marine Microbiology & Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Texel, the NetherlandsDepartment of Marine Microbiology & Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Texel, the NetherlandsInstitute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the NetherlandsDepartment of Marine Microbiology & Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Texel, the NetherlandsDepartment of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM), Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Marine Microbiology & Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Texel, the NetherlandsDepartment of Marine Microbiology & Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Texel, the NetherlandsInstitute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the NetherlandsDepartment of Marine Microbiology & Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Texel, the NetherlandsDepartment of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the NetherlandsCentre of Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate (CAGE), UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway<p>The Wadden Sea is a coastal system along the fringe of the land–sea borders of Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. The Wadden Sea is extremely productive and influenced by strong variations in physical and biological forcing factors that act on timescales of hours to seasons. Productive coastal seas are known to dominate the ocean's methane emission to the atmosphere, but knowledge of controls and temporal variations in methane dynamics in these vastly dynamic systems is scarce. Here we address this knowledge gap by measuring methane inventories and methanotrophic activity at a temporal resolution of 1 h over a period of 2 d, repeatedly during four successive seasons in the central Dutch Wadden Sea. We found that methane dynamics varied between colder and warmer seasons, with generally higher water column methane concentrations and methanotrophic activity in the warmer seasons. The efflux of methane to the atmosphere was, on the other hand, lower in the warmer seasons because of lower wind speeds. On a diel scale, tides controlled methanotrophic activity, which increased <span class="inline-formula">∼40</span> % at low tide compared to high tide. We estimate that methane oxidizing bacteria reduce the methane budget of the Dutch Wadden Sea by only 2 %, while <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="31pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="2130386ebeb62c2e60c7624d6992db57"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-20-3857-2023-ie00001.svg" width="31pt" height="14pt" src="bg-20-3857-2023-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> escapes to the atmosphere and <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="31pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="dcd410b7478ca1e0f1e2621367c90d58"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-20-3857-2023-ie00002.svg" width="31pt" height="14pt" src="bg-20-3857-2023-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> are flushed out into the open North Sea at ebb tide. Our findings indicate that tides play a key role in controlling methane dynamics and methanotrophic activity and highlight the importance of high-resolution and repeated sampling strategies to resolve methane dynamics in fast-changing coastal systems.</p>https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/20/3857/2023/bg-20-3857-2023.pdf |
| spellingShingle | T. R. de Groot A. M. Mol K. Mesdag P. Ramond P. Ramond R. Ndhlovu J. C. Engelmann T. Röckmann H. Niemann H. Niemann H. Niemann Diel and seasonal methane dynamics in the shallow and turbulent Wadden Sea Biogeosciences |
| title | Diel and seasonal methane dynamics in the shallow and turbulent Wadden Sea |
| title_full | Diel and seasonal methane dynamics in the shallow and turbulent Wadden Sea |
| title_fullStr | Diel and seasonal methane dynamics in the shallow and turbulent Wadden Sea |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diel and seasonal methane dynamics in the shallow and turbulent Wadden Sea |
| title_short | Diel and seasonal methane dynamics in the shallow and turbulent Wadden Sea |
| title_sort | diel and seasonal methane dynamics in the shallow and turbulent wadden sea |
| url | https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/20/3857/2023/bg-20-3857-2023.pdf |
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