Phase-Field Simulation of Microstructure Formation in Gas-Atomized Al–Cu–Li–Mg Powders
Al–Cu–Li (2xxx series) powders for additive manufacturing processes are often produced by gas atomization, a rapid solidification process. The microstructural evolution of gas-atomized powder particles during solidification was investigated by phase-field simulations using the software tool MICRESS....
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/4/1677 |
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| author | May Pwint Phyu Frank Adjei-Kyeremeh Piyada Suwanpinij Iris Raffeis Markus Apel Andreas Bührig-Polaczek |
| author_facet | May Pwint Phyu Frank Adjei-Kyeremeh Piyada Suwanpinij Iris Raffeis Markus Apel Andreas Bührig-Polaczek |
| author_sort | May Pwint Phyu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Al–Cu–Li (2xxx series) powders for additive manufacturing processes are often produced by gas atomization, a rapid solidification process. The microstructural evolution of gas-atomized powder particles during solidification was investigated by phase-field simulations using the software tool MICRESS. The following topics were investigated: (1) the microsegregation of copper and lithium in the particle, and the impact of lithium addition on the formation of secondary phases in Al-2.63Cu and Al-2.63Cu-1.56Li systems, (2) the effect of magnesium on the nucleation and final mass fraction of T<sub>1</sub> (Al<sub>2</sub>CuLi) growing from the melt, and (3) the effect of increased magnesium content on the T<sub>1</sub> and Sʹ (AlCu<sub>2</sub>Mg) phase fractions. It is observed that the addition of lithium into the Al–Cu system leads to a decrease in the solid solubility of copper in the primary matrix; consequently, more copper atoms segregate in the interdendritic regions resulting in a greater mass fraction of secondary precipitates. Our result agrees with findings on the beneficial impact of magnesium on the nucleation and precipitation kinetics of T<sub>1</sub> precipitates in the conventional casting process with further thermomechanical heat treatments. Moreover, it is observed that the increase in magnesium from 0.28 wt.% to 0.35 wt.% does not significantly affect the nucleation and the amount of the T<sub>1</sub> phase, whereas a decrease in T<sub>1</sub> phase fraction and a delay of T<sub>1</sub> formation are encountered when magnesium content is further raised to 0.49 wt.%. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:29:13Z |
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| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:29:13Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-3df389ed958948e59cbd3490babd9e492023-11-16T21:53:00ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442023-02-01164167710.3390/ma16041677Phase-Field Simulation of Microstructure Formation in Gas-Atomized Al–Cu–Li–Mg PowdersMay Pwint Phyu0Frank Adjei-Kyeremeh1Piyada Suwanpinij2Iris Raffeis3Markus Apel4Andreas Bührig-Polaczek5Foundry Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Intzestraße 5, 52072 Aachen, GermanyFoundry Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Intzestraße 5, 52072 Aachen, GermanyThe Sirindhorn Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), 1518 Pracharat 1 Road, Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, ThailandFoundry Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Intzestraße 5, 52072 Aachen, GermanyACCESS e.V., Intzestraße 5, 52072 Aachen, GermanyFoundry Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Intzestraße 5, 52072 Aachen, GermanyAl–Cu–Li (2xxx series) powders for additive manufacturing processes are often produced by gas atomization, a rapid solidification process. The microstructural evolution of gas-atomized powder particles during solidification was investigated by phase-field simulations using the software tool MICRESS. The following topics were investigated: (1) the microsegregation of copper and lithium in the particle, and the impact of lithium addition on the formation of secondary phases in Al-2.63Cu and Al-2.63Cu-1.56Li systems, (2) the effect of magnesium on the nucleation and final mass fraction of T<sub>1</sub> (Al<sub>2</sub>CuLi) growing from the melt, and (3) the effect of increased magnesium content on the T<sub>1</sub> and Sʹ (AlCu<sub>2</sub>Mg) phase fractions. It is observed that the addition of lithium into the Al–Cu system leads to a decrease in the solid solubility of copper in the primary matrix; consequently, more copper atoms segregate in the interdendritic regions resulting in a greater mass fraction of secondary precipitates. Our result agrees with findings on the beneficial impact of magnesium on the nucleation and precipitation kinetics of T<sub>1</sub> precipitates in the conventional casting process with further thermomechanical heat treatments. Moreover, it is observed that the increase in magnesium from 0.28 wt.% to 0.35 wt.% does not significantly affect the nucleation and the amount of the T<sub>1</sub> phase, whereas a decrease in T<sub>1</sub> phase fraction and a delay of T<sub>1</sub> formation are encountered when magnesium content is further raised to 0.49 wt.%.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/4/1677phase field simulationAl–CuAl–Cu–LiAl–Cu–Li–Mggas atomizationpowder |
| spellingShingle | May Pwint Phyu Frank Adjei-Kyeremeh Piyada Suwanpinij Iris Raffeis Markus Apel Andreas Bührig-Polaczek Phase-Field Simulation of Microstructure Formation in Gas-Atomized Al–Cu–Li–Mg Powders Materials phase field simulation Al–Cu Al–Cu–Li Al–Cu–Li–Mg gas atomization powder |
| title | Phase-Field Simulation of Microstructure Formation in Gas-Atomized Al–Cu–Li–Mg Powders |
| title_full | Phase-Field Simulation of Microstructure Formation in Gas-Atomized Al–Cu–Li–Mg Powders |
| title_fullStr | Phase-Field Simulation of Microstructure Formation in Gas-Atomized Al–Cu–Li–Mg Powders |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phase-Field Simulation of Microstructure Formation in Gas-Atomized Al–Cu–Li–Mg Powders |
| title_short | Phase-Field Simulation of Microstructure Formation in Gas-Atomized Al–Cu–Li–Mg Powders |
| title_sort | phase field simulation of microstructure formation in gas atomized al cu li mg powders |
| topic | phase field simulation Al–Cu Al–Cu–Li Al–Cu–Li–Mg gas atomization powder |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/4/1677 |
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