The Power of the Rings: The GRB 221009A Soft X-Ray Emission from Its Dust-scattering Halo

GRB 221009A is the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever detected that has occurred at low Galactic latitude. Owing to this exceptional combination, its prompt X-ray emission could be detected for weeks in the form of expanding X-ray rings produced by scattering in Galactic dust clouds. We report on...

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Main Authors: Andrea Tiengo, Fabio Pintore, Beatrice Vaia, Simone Filippi, Andrea Sacchi, Paolo Esposito, Michela Rigoselli, Sandro Mereghetti, Ruben Salvaterra, Barbara Šiljeg, Andrea Bracco, Željka Bošnjak, Vibor Jelić, Sergio Campana
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IOP Publishing 2023-01-01
Series:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acc1dc
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author Andrea Tiengo
Fabio Pintore
Beatrice Vaia
Simone Filippi
Andrea Sacchi
Paolo Esposito
Michela Rigoselli
Sandro Mereghetti
Ruben Salvaterra
Barbara Šiljeg
Andrea Bracco
Željka Bošnjak
Vibor Jelić
Sergio Campana
author_facet Andrea Tiengo
Fabio Pintore
Beatrice Vaia
Simone Filippi
Andrea Sacchi
Paolo Esposito
Michela Rigoselli
Sandro Mereghetti
Ruben Salvaterra
Barbara Šiljeg
Andrea Bracco
Željka Bošnjak
Vibor Jelić
Sergio Campana
author_sort Andrea Tiengo
collection DOAJ
description GRB 221009A is the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever detected that has occurred at low Galactic latitude. Owing to this exceptional combination, its prompt X-ray emission could be detected for weeks in the form of expanding X-ray rings produced by scattering in Galactic dust clouds. We report on the analysis of 20 rings, generated by dust at distances ranging from 0.3 to 18.6 kpc, detected during two X‐ray Multi Mirror (XMM)-Newton observations performed about 2 and 5 days after the GRB. By fitting the spectra of the rings with different models for the dust composition and grain size distribution, we reconstructed the spectrum of the GRB prompt emission in the 0.7–4 keV energy range as an absorbed power law with photon index Γ = 1–1.4 and absorption in the host galaxy N _H,z = (4.1–5.3) × 10 ^21 cm ^−2 . Taking into account the systematic uncertainties regarding the column density of dust contained in the clouds producing the rings, the 0.5–5 keV fluence of GRB 221009A can be constrained between 10 ^−3 and 7 × 10 ^−3 erg cm ^−2 . Both the fluence and the photon index indicate the presence of a possible soft excess with respect to the extrapolation of the main GRB peak observed at higher energies.
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spelling doaj.art-3e00a6c9a37940f0bde7848e9fab09242023-09-03T09:30:41ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Letters2041-82052023-01-019461L3010.3847/2041-8213/acc1dcThe Power of the Rings: The GRB 221009A Soft X-Ray Emission from Its Dust-scattering HaloAndrea Tiengo0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6038-1090Fabio Pintore1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3869-2925Beatrice Vaia2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0852-0257Simone Filippi3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2119-9835Andrea Sacchi4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7295-5661Paolo Esposito5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4849-5092Michela Rigoselli6https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6641-5450Sandro Mereghetti7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3259-7801Ruben Salvaterra8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9393-8078Barbara Šiljeg9https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5391-8286Andrea Bracco10https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0932-3140Željka Bošnjak11https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6536-0320Vibor Jelić12https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6034-8610Sergio Campana13https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6278-1576Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia , Piazza della Vittoria 15, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Milano , via A. Corti 12, I-20133 Milano, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo , Via U. La Malfa 153, I-90146 Palermo, ItalyScuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia , Piazza della Vittoria 15, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Milano , via A. Corti 12, I-20133 Milano, Italy; Department of Physics, University of Trento , Via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (TN), ItalyScuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia , Piazza della Vittoria 15, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; Department of Physics “A. Volta,” University of Pavia , Via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, ItalyScuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia , Piazza della Vittoria 15, I-27100 Pavia, ItalyScuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia , Piazza della Vittoria 15, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Milano , via A. Corti 12, I-20133 Milano, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Milano , via A. Corti 12, I-20133 Milano, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Milano , via A. Corti 12, I-20133 Milano, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Milano , via A. Corti 12, I-20133 Milano, ItalyASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy , Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen , P.O. Box 800, 9700 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands; Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaLaboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris , F-75005 Paris, FranceFaculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb , Unska ul.3, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaRuđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaIstituto Nazionale di Astrofisica , Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate (LC), ItalyGRB 221009A is the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever detected that has occurred at low Galactic latitude. Owing to this exceptional combination, its prompt X-ray emission could be detected for weeks in the form of expanding X-ray rings produced by scattering in Galactic dust clouds. We report on the analysis of 20 rings, generated by dust at distances ranging from 0.3 to 18.6 kpc, detected during two X‐ray Multi Mirror (XMM)-Newton observations performed about 2 and 5 days after the GRB. By fitting the spectra of the rings with different models for the dust composition and grain size distribution, we reconstructed the spectrum of the GRB prompt emission in the 0.7–4 keV energy range as an absorbed power law with photon index Γ = 1–1.4 and absorption in the host galaxy N _H,z = (4.1–5.3) × 10 ^21 cm ^−2 . Taking into account the systematic uncertainties regarding the column density of dust contained in the clouds producing the rings, the 0.5–5 keV fluence of GRB 221009A can be constrained between 10 ^−3 and 7 × 10 ^−3 erg cm ^−2 . Both the fluence and the photon index indicate the presence of a possible soft excess with respect to the extrapolation of the main GRB peak observed at higher energies.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acc1dcGamma-ray burstsInterstellar dustInterstellar dust extinctionInterstellar scattering
spellingShingle Andrea Tiengo
Fabio Pintore
Beatrice Vaia
Simone Filippi
Andrea Sacchi
Paolo Esposito
Michela Rigoselli
Sandro Mereghetti
Ruben Salvaterra
Barbara Šiljeg
Andrea Bracco
Željka Bošnjak
Vibor Jelić
Sergio Campana
The Power of the Rings: The GRB 221009A Soft X-Ray Emission from Its Dust-scattering Halo
The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Gamma-ray bursts
Interstellar dust
Interstellar dust extinction
Interstellar scattering
title The Power of the Rings: The GRB 221009A Soft X-Ray Emission from Its Dust-scattering Halo
title_full The Power of the Rings: The GRB 221009A Soft X-Ray Emission from Its Dust-scattering Halo
title_fullStr The Power of the Rings: The GRB 221009A Soft X-Ray Emission from Its Dust-scattering Halo
title_full_unstemmed The Power of the Rings: The GRB 221009A Soft X-Ray Emission from Its Dust-scattering Halo
title_short The Power of the Rings: The GRB 221009A Soft X-Ray Emission from Its Dust-scattering Halo
title_sort power of the rings the grb 221009a soft x ray emission from its dust scattering halo
topic Gamma-ray bursts
Interstellar dust
Interstellar dust extinction
Interstellar scattering
url https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acc1dc
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