Water and sodium intake habits and status of ultra-endurance runners during a multi-stage ultra-marathon conducted in a hot ambient environment: an observational field based study
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Anecdotal evidence suggests ultra-runners may not be consuming sufficient water through foods and fluids to maintenance euhydration, and present sub-optimal sodium intakes, throughout multi-stage ultra-marathon (MSUM) competitions in...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2013-01-01
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| Series: | Nutrition Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.nutritionj.com/content/12/1/13 |
| _version_ | 1818759242663854080 |
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| author | Costa Ricardo JS Teixeira Ana Rama Luis Swancott Abigail JM Hardy Lisa D Lee Benjamin Camões-Costa Vera Gill Samantha Waterman Jessica P Freeth Emily C Barrett Edel Hankey Joanne Marczak Slawomir Valero-Burgos Encarna Scheer Volker Murray Andrew Thake Charles D |
| author_facet | Costa Ricardo JS Teixeira Ana Rama Luis Swancott Abigail JM Hardy Lisa D Lee Benjamin Camões-Costa Vera Gill Samantha Waterman Jessica P Freeth Emily C Barrett Edel Hankey Joanne Marczak Slawomir Valero-Burgos Encarna Scheer Volker Murray Andrew Thake Charles D |
| author_sort | Costa Ricardo JS |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Anecdotal evidence suggests ultra-runners may not be consuming sufficient water through foods and fluids to maintenance euhydration, and present sub-optimal sodium intakes, throughout multi-stage ultra-marathon (MSUM) competitions in the heat. Subsequently, the aims were primarily to assess water and sodium intake habits of recreational ultra-runners during a five stage 225 km semi self-sufficient MSUM conducted in a hot ambient environment (T<sub>max</sub> range: 32°C to 40°C); simultaneously to monitor serum sodium concentration, and hydration status using multiple hydration assessment techniques.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Total daily, pre-stage, during running, and post-stage water and sodium ingestion of ultra-endurance runners (UER, <it>n</it> = 74) and control (CON, <it>n</it> = 12) through foods and fluids were recorded on Stages 1 to 4 by trained dietetic researchers using dietary recall interview technique, and analysed through dietary analysis software. Body mass (BM), hydration status, and serum sodium concentration were determined pre- and post-Stages 1 to 5.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Water (overall mean (SD): total daily 7.7 (1.5) L/day, during running 732 (183) ml/h) and sodium (total daily 3.9 (1.3) g/day, during running 270 (151) mg/L) ingestion did not differ between stages in UER (<it>p</it> < 0.001 <it>vs</it>. CON). Exercise-induced BM loss was 2.4 (1.2)% (<it>p</it> < 0.001). Pre- to post-stage BM gains were observed in 26% of UER along competition. Pre- and post-stage plasma osmolality remained within normal clinical reference range (280 to 303 mOsmol/kg) in the majority of UER (<it>p</it> > 0.05 <it>vs</it>. CON pre-stage). Asymptomatic hyponatraemia (<135 mmol/L) was evident pre- and post-stage in <it>n</it> = 8 UER, corresponding to 42% of sampled participants. Pre- and post-stage urine colour, urine osmolality and urine/plasma osmolality ratio increased (<it>p</it> < 0.001) as competition progressed in UER, with no change in CON. Plasma volume and extra-cellular water increased (<it>p</it> < 0.001) 22.8% and 9.2%, respectively, from pre-Stage 1 to 5 in UER, with no change in CON.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Water intake habits of ultra-runners during MSUM conducted in hot ambient conditions appear to be sufficient to maintain baseline euhydration levels. However, fluid over-consumption behaviours were evident along competition, irrespective of running speed and gender. Normonatraemia was observed in the majority of ultra-runners throughout MSUM, despite sodium ingestion under benchmark recommendations.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-18T06:39:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3e10056f3c254438825dbb87dbcf4ece |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1475-2891 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-18T06:39:37Z |
| publishDate | 2013-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrition Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-3e10056f3c254438825dbb87dbcf4ece2022-12-21T21:17:41ZengBMCNutrition Journal1475-28912013-01-011211310.1186/1475-2891-12-13Water and sodium intake habits and status of ultra-endurance runners during a multi-stage ultra-marathon conducted in a hot ambient environment: an observational field based studyCosta Ricardo JSTeixeira AnaRama LuisSwancott Abigail JMHardy Lisa DLee BenjaminCamões-Costa VeraGill SamanthaWaterman Jessica PFreeth Emily CBarrett EdelHankey JoanneMarczak SlawomirValero-Burgos EncarnaScheer VolkerMurray AndrewThake Charles D<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Anecdotal evidence suggests ultra-runners may not be consuming sufficient water through foods and fluids to maintenance euhydration, and present sub-optimal sodium intakes, throughout multi-stage ultra-marathon (MSUM) competitions in the heat. Subsequently, the aims were primarily to assess water and sodium intake habits of recreational ultra-runners during a five stage 225 km semi self-sufficient MSUM conducted in a hot ambient environment (T<sub>max</sub> range: 32°C to 40°C); simultaneously to monitor serum sodium concentration, and hydration status using multiple hydration assessment techniques.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Total daily, pre-stage, during running, and post-stage water and sodium ingestion of ultra-endurance runners (UER, <it>n</it> = 74) and control (CON, <it>n</it> = 12) through foods and fluids were recorded on Stages 1 to 4 by trained dietetic researchers using dietary recall interview technique, and analysed through dietary analysis software. Body mass (BM), hydration status, and serum sodium concentration were determined pre- and post-Stages 1 to 5.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Water (overall mean (SD): total daily 7.7 (1.5) L/day, during running 732 (183) ml/h) and sodium (total daily 3.9 (1.3) g/day, during running 270 (151) mg/L) ingestion did not differ between stages in UER (<it>p</it> < 0.001 <it>vs</it>. CON). Exercise-induced BM loss was 2.4 (1.2)% (<it>p</it> < 0.001). Pre- to post-stage BM gains were observed in 26% of UER along competition. Pre- and post-stage plasma osmolality remained within normal clinical reference range (280 to 303 mOsmol/kg) in the majority of UER (<it>p</it> > 0.05 <it>vs</it>. CON pre-stage). Asymptomatic hyponatraemia (<135 mmol/L) was evident pre- and post-stage in <it>n</it> = 8 UER, corresponding to 42% of sampled participants. Pre- and post-stage urine colour, urine osmolality and urine/plasma osmolality ratio increased (<it>p</it> < 0.001) as competition progressed in UER, with no change in CON. Plasma volume and extra-cellular water increased (<it>p</it> < 0.001) 22.8% and 9.2%, respectively, from pre-Stage 1 to 5 in UER, with no change in CON.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Water intake habits of ultra-runners during MSUM conducted in hot ambient conditions appear to be sufficient to maintain baseline euhydration levels. However, fluid over-consumption behaviours were evident along competition, irrespective of running speed and gender. Normonatraemia was observed in the majority of ultra-runners throughout MSUM, despite sodium ingestion under benchmark recommendations.</p>http://www.nutritionj.com/content/12/1/13WaterDrinkingBeveragesTotal body waterDehydrationEuhydrationHyponatraemiaCarbohydrate |
| spellingShingle | Costa Ricardo JS Teixeira Ana Rama Luis Swancott Abigail JM Hardy Lisa D Lee Benjamin Camões-Costa Vera Gill Samantha Waterman Jessica P Freeth Emily C Barrett Edel Hankey Joanne Marczak Slawomir Valero-Burgos Encarna Scheer Volker Murray Andrew Thake Charles D Water and sodium intake habits and status of ultra-endurance runners during a multi-stage ultra-marathon conducted in a hot ambient environment: an observational field based study Nutrition Journal Water Drinking Beverages Total body water Dehydration Euhydration Hyponatraemia Carbohydrate |
| title | Water and sodium intake habits and status of ultra-endurance runners during a multi-stage ultra-marathon conducted in a hot ambient environment: an observational field based study |
| title_full | Water and sodium intake habits and status of ultra-endurance runners during a multi-stage ultra-marathon conducted in a hot ambient environment: an observational field based study |
| title_fullStr | Water and sodium intake habits and status of ultra-endurance runners during a multi-stage ultra-marathon conducted in a hot ambient environment: an observational field based study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Water and sodium intake habits and status of ultra-endurance runners during a multi-stage ultra-marathon conducted in a hot ambient environment: an observational field based study |
| title_short | Water and sodium intake habits and status of ultra-endurance runners during a multi-stage ultra-marathon conducted in a hot ambient environment: an observational field based study |
| title_sort | water and sodium intake habits and status of ultra endurance runners during a multi stage ultra marathon conducted in a hot ambient environment an observational field based study |
| topic | Water Drinking Beverages Total body water Dehydration Euhydration Hyponatraemia Carbohydrate |
| url | http://www.nutritionj.com/content/12/1/13 |
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