Simultaneous Quantification of Bisphenol-A and 4-Tert-Octylphenol in the Live Aquaculture Feed <i>Artemia franciscana</i> and in Its Culture Medium Using HPLC-DAD
Aquaculture, a mass supplier of seafood, relies on plastic materials that may contain the endocrine disruptors bisphenol-A (BPA) and tert-octylphenol (t-OCT). These pollutants present toxicity to <i>Artemia</i>, the live aquaculture feed, and are transferred through it to the larval stag...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Methods and Protocols |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9279/5/3/38 |
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| author | Despoina Giamaki Konstantina Dindini Victoria F. Samanidou Maria Touraki |
| author_facet | Despoina Giamaki Konstantina Dindini Victoria F. Samanidou Maria Touraki |
| author_sort | Despoina Giamaki |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Aquaculture, a mass supplier of seafood, relies on plastic materials that may contain the endocrine disruptors bisphenol-A (BPA) and tert-octylphenol (t-OCT). These pollutants present toxicity to <i>Artemia</i>, the live aquaculture feed, and are transferred through it to the larval stages of the cultured organisms. The purpose of this work is the development and validation of an analytical method to determine BPA and t-OCT in <i>Artemia</i> and their culture medium, using n-octylphenol as the internal standard. Extraction of the samples was performed with H<sub>2</sub>O/TFA (0.08%)–methanol (3:1), followed by SPE. Analysis was performed in a Nucleosil column with mobile phases A (95:5, <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>, 0.1% TFA in H<sub>2</sub>O:CH<sub>3</sub>CN) and B (5:95, <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>, 0.08% TFA in H<sub>2</sub>O:CH<sub>3</sub>CN). Calibration curves were constructed in the range of concentrations expected following a 24 h administration of BPA (10 μg/mL) or t-OCT (0.5 μg/mL), below their respective LC<sub>50</sub>. At the end of exposure to the pollutants, their total levels appeared reduced by about 32% for BPA and 35% for t-OCT, and this reduction could not be accounted for by photodegradation (9–19%). The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, and precision, demonstrating the uptake of BPA and t-OCT in <i>Artemia</i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:54:01Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2409-9279 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:54:01Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Methods and Protocols |
| spelling | doaj.art-3e1eb61250cf4564a07ca8d207ef379b2023-11-23T18:14:35ZengMDPI AGMethods and Protocols2409-92792022-05-01533810.3390/mps5030038Simultaneous Quantification of Bisphenol-A and 4-Tert-Octylphenol in the Live Aquaculture Feed <i>Artemia franciscana</i> and in Its Culture Medium Using HPLC-DADDespoina Giamaki0Konstantina Dindini1Victoria F. Samanidou2Maria Touraki3Laboratory of General Biology, Division of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.TH.), 54 124 Thessaloniki, GreeceLaboratory of General Biology, Division of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.TH.), 54 124 Thessaloniki, GreeceLaboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.TH.), 54 124 Thessaloniki, GreeceLaboratory of General Biology, Division of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.TH.), 54 124 Thessaloniki, GreeceAquaculture, a mass supplier of seafood, relies on plastic materials that may contain the endocrine disruptors bisphenol-A (BPA) and tert-octylphenol (t-OCT). These pollutants present toxicity to <i>Artemia</i>, the live aquaculture feed, and are transferred through it to the larval stages of the cultured organisms. The purpose of this work is the development and validation of an analytical method to determine BPA and t-OCT in <i>Artemia</i> and their culture medium, using n-octylphenol as the internal standard. Extraction of the samples was performed with H<sub>2</sub>O/TFA (0.08%)–methanol (3:1), followed by SPE. Analysis was performed in a Nucleosil column with mobile phases A (95:5, <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>, 0.1% TFA in H<sub>2</sub>O:CH<sub>3</sub>CN) and B (5:95, <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>, 0.08% TFA in H<sub>2</sub>O:CH<sub>3</sub>CN). Calibration curves were constructed in the range of concentrations expected following a 24 h administration of BPA (10 μg/mL) or t-OCT (0.5 μg/mL), below their respective LC<sub>50</sub>. At the end of exposure to the pollutants, their total levels appeared reduced by about 32% for BPA and 35% for t-OCT, and this reduction could not be accounted for by photodegradation (9–19%). The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, and precision, demonstrating the uptake of BPA and t-OCT in <i>Artemia</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9279/5/3/38bisphenol A4-tert-octylphenol<i>Artemia franciscana</i>HPLC-DAD |
| spellingShingle | Despoina Giamaki Konstantina Dindini Victoria F. Samanidou Maria Touraki Simultaneous Quantification of Bisphenol-A and 4-Tert-Octylphenol in the Live Aquaculture Feed <i>Artemia franciscana</i> and in Its Culture Medium Using HPLC-DAD Methods and Protocols bisphenol A 4-tert-octylphenol <i>Artemia franciscana</i> HPLC-DAD |
| title | Simultaneous Quantification of Bisphenol-A and 4-Tert-Octylphenol in the Live Aquaculture Feed <i>Artemia franciscana</i> and in Its Culture Medium Using HPLC-DAD |
| title_full | Simultaneous Quantification of Bisphenol-A and 4-Tert-Octylphenol in the Live Aquaculture Feed <i>Artemia franciscana</i> and in Its Culture Medium Using HPLC-DAD |
| title_fullStr | Simultaneous Quantification of Bisphenol-A and 4-Tert-Octylphenol in the Live Aquaculture Feed <i>Artemia franciscana</i> and in Its Culture Medium Using HPLC-DAD |
| title_full_unstemmed | Simultaneous Quantification of Bisphenol-A and 4-Tert-Octylphenol in the Live Aquaculture Feed <i>Artemia franciscana</i> and in Its Culture Medium Using HPLC-DAD |
| title_short | Simultaneous Quantification of Bisphenol-A and 4-Tert-Octylphenol in the Live Aquaculture Feed <i>Artemia franciscana</i> and in Its Culture Medium Using HPLC-DAD |
| title_sort | simultaneous quantification of bisphenol a and 4 tert octylphenol in the live aquaculture feed i artemia franciscana i and in its culture medium using hplc dad |
| topic | bisphenol A 4-tert-octylphenol <i>Artemia franciscana</i> HPLC-DAD |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9279/5/3/38 |
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