Feature Extraction of a Non-Stationary Seismic–Acoustic Signal Using a High-Resolution Dyadic Spectrogram
Using a novel mathematical tool called the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="script">T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e&...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/6051 |
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| author | Diego Seuret-Jiménez Eduardo Trutié-Carrero José Manuel Nieto-Jalil Erick Daniel García-Aquino Lorena Díaz-González Laura Carballo-Sigler Daily Quintana-Fuentes Luis Manuel Gaggero-Sager |
| author_facet | Diego Seuret-Jiménez Eduardo Trutié-Carrero José Manuel Nieto-Jalil Erick Daniel García-Aquino Lorena Díaz-González Laura Carballo-Sigler Daily Quintana-Fuentes Luis Manuel Gaggero-Sager |
| author_sort | Diego Seuret-Jiménez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Using a novel mathematical tool called the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="script">T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-gram, researchers analyzed the energy distribution of frequency components in the scale–frequency plane. Through this analysis, a frequency band of approximately 12 Hz is identified, which can be isolated without distorting its constituent frequencies. This band, along with others, remained inseparable through conventional time–frequency analysis methods. The <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="script">T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-gram successfully addresses this knowledge gap, providing multi-sensitivity in the frequency domain and effectively attenuating cross-term energy. The Daubechies 45 wavelet function was employed due to its exceptional 150 dB attenuation in the rejection band. The validation process encompassed three stages: pre-, during-, and post-seismic activity. The utilized signal corresponds to the 19 September 2017 earthquake, occurring between the states of Morelos and Puebla, Mexico. The results showcased the impressive ability of the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="script">T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-gram to surpass expectations in terms of sensitivity and energy distribution within the frequency domain. The <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="script">T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-gram outperformed the procedures documented in the existing literature. On the other hand, the results show a frequency band between 0.7 Hz and 1.75 Hz, which is named the planet Earth noise. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:57:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3e226b56283e42d79a151e7b378ac6ff |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:57:06Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-3e226b56283e42d79a151e7b378ac6ff2023-12-01T01:34:07ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-06-012313605110.3390/s23136051Feature Extraction of a Non-Stationary Seismic–Acoustic Signal Using a High-Resolution Dyadic SpectrogramDiego Seuret-Jiménez0Eduardo Trutié-Carrero1José Manuel Nieto-Jalil2Erick Daniel García-Aquino3Lorena Díaz-González4Laura Carballo-Sigler5Daily Quintana-Fuentes6Luis Manuel Gaggero-Sager7Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Campus Chamilpa, Ave. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62209, MexicoCentro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Campus Chamilpa, Ave. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62209, MexicoSchool of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlix-Cáyotl, Puebla CP 72453, MexicoCentro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Campus Chamilpa, Ave. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62209, MexicoCentro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Campus Chamilpa, Ave. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62209, MexicoCentro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Campus Chamilpa, Ave. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62209, MexicoCentro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Campus Chamilpa, Ave. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62209, MexicoCentro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Campus Chamilpa, Ave. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62209, MexicoUsing a novel mathematical tool called the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="script">T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-gram, researchers analyzed the energy distribution of frequency components in the scale–frequency plane. Through this analysis, a frequency band of approximately 12 Hz is identified, which can be isolated without distorting its constituent frequencies. This band, along with others, remained inseparable through conventional time–frequency analysis methods. The <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="script">T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-gram successfully addresses this knowledge gap, providing multi-sensitivity in the frequency domain and effectively attenuating cross-term energy. The Daubechies 45 wavelet function was employed due to its exceptional 150 dB attenuation in the rejection band. The validation process encompassed three stages: pre-, during-, and post-seismic activity. The utilized signal corresponds to the 19 September 2017 earthquake, occurring between the states of Morelos and Puebla, Mexico. The results showcased the impressive ability of the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="script">T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-gram to surpass expectations in terms of sensitivity and energy distribution within the frequency domain. The <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="script">T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-gram outperformed the procedures documented in the existing literature. On the other hand, the results show a frequency band between 0.7 Hz and 1.75 Hz, which is named the planet Earth noise.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/6051dyadic frequency spectrumscale–frequencyseismic–acoustic signal<named-content content-type="inline-formula"><inline-formula> <mml:math id="mm666"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="script">T</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula></named-content>-gram<named-content content-type="inline-formula"><inline-formula> <mml:math id="mm667"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="script">T</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula></named-content> transform |
| spellingShingle | Diego Seuret-Jiménez Eduardo Trutié-Carrero José Manuel Nieto-Jalil Erick Daniel García-Aquino Lorena Díaz-González Laura Carballo-Sigler Daily Quintana-Fuentes Luis Manuel Gaggero-Sager Feature Extraction of a Non-Stationary Seismic–Acoustic Signal Using a High-Resolution Dyadic Spectrogram Sensors dyadic frequency spectrum scale–frequency seismic–acoustic signal <named-content content-type="inline-formula"><inline-formula> <mml:math id="mm666"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="script">T</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula></named-content>-gram <named-content content-type="inline-formula"><inline-formula> <mml:math id="mm667"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="script">T</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula></named-content> transform |
| title | Feature Extraction of a Non-Stationary Seismic–Acoustic Signal Using a High-Resolution Dyadic Spectrogram |
| title_full | Feature Extraction of a Non-Stationary Seismic–Acoustic Signal Using a High-Resolution Dyadic Spectrogram |
| title_fullStr | Feature Extraction of a Non-Stationary Seismic–Acoustic Signal Using a High-Resolution Dyadic Spectrogram |
| title_full_unstemmed | Feature Extraction of a Non-Stationary Seismic–Acoustic Signal Using a High-Resolution Dyadic Spectrogram |
| title_short | Feature Extraction of a Non-Stationary Seismic–Acoustic Signal Using a High-Resolution Dyadic Spectrogram |
| title_sort | feature extraction of a non stationary seismic acoustic signal using a high resolution dyadic spectrogram |
| topic | dyadic frequency spectrum scale–frequency seismic–acoustic signal <named-content content-type="inline-formula"><inline-formula> <mml:math id="mm666"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="script">T</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula></named-content>-gram <named-content content-type="inline-formula"><inline-formula> <mml:math id="mm667"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="script">T</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula></named-content> transform |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/6051 |
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