Essential Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites in the Pathobiology of Inflammation and Its Resolution
Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism is critical in the initiation and resolution of inflammation. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4/D4/E4 (LTB4/LD4/LTE4), derived from AA, are involved in the initiation of inflammation and regulation of immune response, hematopoiesis, and M1 (pro-inflammatory)...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/12/1873 |
| _version_ | 1797506435524853760 |
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| author | Undurti N Das |
| author_facet | Undurti N Das |
| author_sort | Undurti N Das |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism is critical in the initiation and resolution of inflammation. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4/D4/E4 (LTB4/LD4/LTE4), derived from AA, are involved in the initiation of inflammation and regulation of immune response, hematopoiesis, and M1 (pro-inflammatory) macrophage facilitation. Paradoxically, PGE2 suppresses interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production and triggers the production of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) from AA to initiate inflammation resolution process and augment regeneration of tissues. LXA4 suppresses PGE2 and LTs’ synthesis and action and facilitates M2 macrophage generation to resolve inflammation. AA inactivates enveloped viruses including SARS-CoV-2. Macrophages, NK cells, T cells, and other immunocytes release AA and other bioactive lipids to produce their anti-microbial actions. AA, PGE2, and LXA4 have cytoprotective actions, regulate nitric oxide generation, and are critical to maintain cell shape and control cell motility and phagocytosis, and inflammation, immunity, and anti-microbial actions. Hence, it is proposed that AA plays a crucial role in the pathobiology of ischemia/reperfusion injury, sepsis, COVID-19, and other critical illnesses, implying that its (AA) administration may be of significant benefit in the prevention and amelioration of these diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:32:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3e5869690d7a4c1c8129a9a2edacdba8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:32:38Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-3e5869690d7a4c1c8129a9a2edacdba82023-11-23T04:00:30ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2021-12-011112187310.3390/biom11121873Essential Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites in the Pathobiology of Inflammation and Its ResolutionUndurti N Das0UND Life Sciences, 2221 NW 5th St., Battle Ground, WA 98604, USAArachidonic acid (AA) metabolism is critical in the initiation and resolution of inflammation. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4/D4/E4 (LTB4/LD4/LTE4), derived from AA, are involved in the initiation of inflammation and regulation of immune response, hematopoiesis, and M1 (pro-inflammatory) macrophage facilitation. Paradoxically, PGE2 suppresses interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production and triggers the production of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) from AA to initiate inflammation resolution process and augment regeneration of tissues. LXA4 suppresses PGE2 and LTs’ synthesis and action and facilitates M2 macrophage generation to resolve inflammation. AA inactivates enveloped viruses including SARS-CoV-2. Macrophages, NK cells, T cells, and other immunocytes release AA and other bioactive lipids to produce their anti-microbial actions. AA, PGE2, and LXA4 have cytoprotective actions, regulate nitric oxide generation, and are critical to maintain cell shape and control cell motility and phagocytosis, and inflammation, immunity, and anti-microbial actions. Hence, it is proposed that AA plays a crucial role in the pathobiology of ischemia/reperfusion injury, sepsis, COVID-19, and other critical illnesses, implying that its (AA) administration may be of significant benefit in the prevention and amelioration of these diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/12/1873SARS-CoV-2COVID-19polyunsaturated fatty acidsarachidonic acidprostaglandinslipoxin A4 |
| spellingShingle | Undurti N Das Essential Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites in the Pathobiology of Inflammation and Its Resolution Biomolecules SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 polyunsaturated fatty acids arachidonic acid prostaglandins lipoxin A4 |
| title | Essential Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites in the Pathobiology of Inflammation and Its Resolution |
| title_full | Essential Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites in the Pathobiology of Inflammation and Its Resolution |
| title_fullStr | Essential Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites in the Pathobiology of Inflammation and Its Resolution |
| title_full_unstemmed | Essential Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites in the Pathobiology of Inflammation and Its Resolution |
| title_short | Essential Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites in the Pathobiology of Inflammation and Its Resolution |
| title_sort | essential fatty acids and their metabolites in the pathobiology of inflammation and its resolution |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 polyunsaturated fatty acids arachidonic acid prostaglandins lipoxin A4 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/12/1873 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT undurtindas essentialfattyacidsandtheirmetabolitesinthepathobiologyofinflammationanditsresolution |