Gradual Replacement of Ca<sup>2+</sup> with Mg<sup>2+</sup> Ions in Brushite for the Production of Ca<sub>1−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>·nH<sub>2</sub>O Materials
The present study investigates the gradual replacement of Ca<sup>2+</sup> with Mg<sup>2+</sup> ions in brushite (CaHPO<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O). To date, this approach has not been systematically explored and may prove beneficial for the production...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-03-01
|
| Series: | Minerals |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/3/284 |
| _version_ | 1797541965401686016 |
|---|---|
| author | Mazen Alshaaer Khalil Issa Abdulaziz Alanazi Saida Abu Mallouh Ahmed S. Afify Moustapha E. Moustapha Kostas Komnitsas |
| author_facet | Mazen Alshaaer Khalil Issa Abdulaziz Alanazi Saida Abu Mallouh Ahmed S. Afify Moustapha E. Moustapha Kostas Komnitsas |
| author_sort | Mazen Alshaaer |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The present study investigates the gradual replacement of Ca<sup>2+</sup> with Mg<sup>2+</sup> ions in brushite (CaHPO<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O). To date, this approach has not been systematically explored and may prove beneficial for the production of Ca<sub>1−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>·nH<sub>2</sub>O materials with tailored properties which are suitable for environmental and medical applications. For their production, solutions of sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate dehydrate, NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·4H<sub>2</sub>O, magnesium nitrate hexahydrate, Mg(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O and ammonium hydroxide solution, NH<sub>4</sub>OH, were used. At low Mg/Ca molar ratios (up to 0.25) in the starting solution, partial replacement of Ca with Mg takes place (Mg doping) but no struvite is produced as discrete phase. When the Mg/Ca molar ratio increases gradually to 1.5, in addition to Mg-doped brushite, struvite, NH<sub>4</sub>MgPO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O, precipitates. The microstructure of the materials produced for different degrees of Ca replacement with Mg has been analyzed in depth with the use of powdered XRD (X-ray diffraction), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). The results of this study prove that the Mg/Ca ratio in the starting solution can be monitored in such a way that materials with tailored composition are obtained. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:23:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3ea5a9349e8b479fbff7c2a25079fd42 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-163X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:23:03Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Minerals |
| spelling | doaj.art-3ea5a9349e8b479fbff7c2a25079fd422023-11-21T09:49:53ZengMDPI AGMinerals2075-163X2021-03-0111328410.3390/min11030284Gradual Replacement of Ca<sup>2+</sup> with Mg<sup>2+</sup> Ions in Brushite for the Production of Ca<sub>1−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>·nH<sub>2</sub>O MaterialsMazen Alshaaer0Khalil Issa1Abdulaziz Alanazi2Saida Abu Mallouh3Ahmed S. Afify4Moustapha E. Moustapha5Kostas Komnitsas6Department of Physics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi ArabiaOrthopedics Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus 00970, PalestineDepartment of Physics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi ArabiaHamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, JordanDepartment of Basic Sciences, The Higher Institute of Engineering and Automotive Technology and Energy, New Heliopolis, Cairo 11829, EgyptDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, GreeceThe present study investigates the gradual replacement of Ca<sup>2+</sup> with Mg<sup>2+</sup> ions in brushite (CaHPO<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O). To date, this approach has not been systematically explored and may prove beneficial for the production of Ca<sub>1−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>·nH<sub>2</sub>O materials with tailored properties which are suitable for environmental and medical applications. For their production, solutions of sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate dehydrate, NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·4H<sub>2</sub>O, magnesium nitrate hexahydrate, Mg(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O and ammonium hydroxide solution, NH<sub>4</sub>OH, were used. At low Mg/Ca molar ratios (up to 0.25) in the starting solution, partial replacement of Ca with Mg takes place (Mg doping) but no struvite is produced as discrete phase. When the Mg/Ca molar ratio increases gradually to 1.5, in addition to Mg-doped brushite, struvite, NH<sub>4</sub>MgPO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O, precipitates. The microstructure of the materials produced for different degrees of Ca replacement with Mg has been analyzed in depth with the use of powdered XRD (X-ray diffraction), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). The results of this study prove that the Mg/Ca ratio in the starting solution can be monitored in such a way that materials with tailored composition are obtained.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/3/284brushitestruvitebiomaterialsXPScrystal growth |
| spellingShingle | Mazen Alshaaer Khalil Issa Abdulaziz Alanazi Saida Abu Mallouh Ahmed S. Afify Moustapha E. Moustapha Kostas Komnitsas Gradual Replacement of Ca<sup>2+</sup> with Mg<sup>2+</sup> Ions in Brushite for the Production of Ca<sub>1−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>·nH<sub>2</sub>O Materials Minerals brushite struvite biomaterials XPS crystal growth |
| title | Gradual Replacement of Ca<sup>2+</sup> with Mg<sup>2+</sup> Ions in Brushite for the Production of Ca<sub>1−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>·nH<sub>2</sub>O Materials |
| title_full | Gradual Replacement of Ca<sup>2+</sup> with Mg<sup>2+</sup> Ions in Brushite for the Production of Ca<sub>1−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>·nH<sub>2</sub>O Materials |
| title_fullStr | Gradual Replacement of Ca<sup>2+</sup> with Mg<sup>2+</sup> Ions in Brushite for the Production of Ca<sub>1−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>·nH<sub>2</sub>O Materials |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gradual Replacement of Ca<sup>2+</sup> with Mg<sup>2+</sup> Ions in Brushite for the Production of Ca<sub>1−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>·nH<sub>2</sub>O Materials |
| title_short | Gradual Replacement of Ca<sup>2+</sup> with Mg<sup>2+</sup> Ions in Brushite for the Production of Ca<sub>1−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>·nH<sub>2</sub>O Materials |
| title_sort | gradual replacement of ca sup 2 sup with mg sup 2 sup ions in brushite for the production of ca sub 1 x sub mg sub x sub hpo sub 4 sub ·nh sub 2 sub o materials |
| topic | brushite struvite biomaterials XPS crystal growth |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/3/284 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mazenalshaaer gradualreplacementofcasup2supwithmgsup2supionsinbrushitefortheproductionofcasub1xsubmgsubxsubhposub4subnhsub2subomaterials AT khalilissa gradualreplacementofcasup2supwithmgsup2supionsinbrushitefortheproductionofcasub1xsubmgsubxsubhposub4subnhsub2subomaterials AT abdulazizalanazi gradualreplacementofcasup2supwithmgsup2supionsinbrushitefortheproductionofcasub1xsubmgsubxsubhposub4subnhsub2subomaterials AT saidaabumallouh gradualreplacementofcasup2supwithmgsup2supionsinbrushitefortheproductionofcasub1xsubmgsubxsubhposub4subnhsub2subomaterials AT ahmedsafify gradualreplacementofcasup2supwithmgsup2supionsinbrushitefortheproductionofcasub1xsubmgsubxsubhposub4subnhsub2subomaterials AT moustaphaemoustapha gradualreplacementofcasup2supwithmgsup2supionsinbrushitefortheproductionofcasub1xsubmgsubxsubhposub4subnhsub2subomaterials AT kostaskomnitsas gradualreplacementofcasup2supwithmgsup2supionsinbrushitefortheproductionofcasub1xsubmgsubxsubhposub4subnhsub2subomaterials |