The Status and Research Progress of Cadmium Pollution in Rice- (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) and Wheat- (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Cropping Systems in China: A Critical Review
The accumulation of cadmium in rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) and wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) is a serious threat to the safe use of farmland and to the health of the human diet that has attracted extensive attention from researchers. In this review, a bibliometric ana...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/12/794 |
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| author | Yue Gao Zengqiang Duan Lingxiao Zhang Da Sun Xun Li |
| author_facet | Yue Gao Zengqiang Duan Lingxiao Zhang Da Sun Xun Li |
| author_sort | Yue Gao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The accumulation of cadmium in rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) and wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) is a serious threat to the safe use of farmland and to the health of the human diet that has attracted extensive attention from researchers. In this review, a bibliometric analysis was performed using a VOS viewer (1.6.18, Netherlands) to investigate the status of cadmium contamination in rice and wheat growing systems, human health risks, mechanisms of Cd uptake and transport, and the corresponding research hotspots. It has a certain reference value for the prevention and control of cadmium pollution in rice and wheat planting systems in China and abroad. The results showed that the Cd content in rice and wheat planting systems in the Yangtze River Basin was significantly higher than that in other areas of China, and the Cd content in rice and wheat grains and the hazard quotient (<i>HQ</i>) in Hunan Province was the highest. The average Cd concentration exceeded the recommended limit by about 62% for rice and 81% for wheat. The main reasons for the high Cd pollution in rice and wheat growing areas in Hunan are mining activities, phosphate fertilizer application, sewage irrigation, and electronic equipment manufacturing. In this review, we demonstrate that cadmium toxicity reduces the uptake and transport of essential elements in rice and wheat. Cadmium stress seriously affected the growth and morphology of plant roots. In the shoots, Cd toxicity was manifested by a series of physiological injuries, such as decreased photosynthesis, soluble protein, sugar, and antioxidant enzyme activity. Cadmium that accumulates in the shoots is transferred to grains and then passes up the food chain to people and animals. Therefore, methods for reducing cadmium content in grains of rice and wheat are urgently needed, especially in Cd-contaminated soil. Current research on Cd pollution in rice and wheat planting systems focuses on the bioavailability of Cd, soil rhizosphere changes in wheat and rice, and the role of antioxidant enzyme systems in alleviating heavy metal stress in rice and wheat. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:46:34Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
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| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-3ec30b545a5d4449b793b33c1d561adc2023-11-24T18:26:05ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042022-12-01101279410.3390/toxics10120794The Status and Research Progress of Cadmium Pollution in Rice- (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) and Wheat- (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Cropping Systems in China: A Critical ReviewYue Gao0Zengqiang Duan1Lingxiao Zhang2Da Sun3Xun Li4State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, ChinaTechnology Extension Station of Agriculture and Fisheries of Nanhu District of Jiaxing, Jiaxing 314051, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, ChinaThe accumulation of cadmium in rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) and wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) is a serious threat to the safe use of farmland and to the health of the human diet that has attracted extensive attention from researchers. In this review, a bibliometric analysis was performed using a VOS viewer (1.6.18, Netherlands) to investigate the status of cadmium contamination in rice and wheat growing systems, human health risks, mechanisms of Cd uptake and transport, and the corresponding research hotspots. It has a certain reference value for the prevention and control of cadmium pollution in rice and wheat planting systems in China and abroad. The results showed that the Cd content in rice and wheat planting systems in the Yangtze River Basin was significantly higher than that in other areas of China, and the Cd content in rice and wheat grains and the hazard quotient (<i>HQ</i>) in Hunan Province was the highest. The average Cd concentration exceeded the recommended limit by about 62% for rice and 81% for wheat. The main reasons for the high Cd pollution in rice and wheat growing areas in Hunan are mining activities, phosphate fertilizer application, sewage irrigation, and electronic equipment manufacturing. In this review, we demonstrate that cadmium toxicity reduces the uptake and transport of essential elements in rice and wheat. Cadmium stress seriously affected the growth and morphology of plant roots. In the shoots, Cd toxicity was manifested by a series of physiological injuries, such as decreased photosynthesis, soluble protein, sugar, and antioxidant enzyme activity. Cadmium that accumulates in the shoots is transferred to grains and then passes up the food chain to people and animals. Therefore, methods for reducing cadmium content in grains of rice and wheat are urgently needed, especially in Cd-contaminated soil. Current research on Cd pollution in rice and wheat planting systems focuses on the bioavailability of Cd, soil rhizosphere changes in wheat and rice, and the role of antioxidant enzyme systems in alleviating heavy metal stress in rice and wheat.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/12/794cadmium pollution statushazard quotientaverage daily intakepollution mechanismhotspots |
| spellingShingle | Yue Gao Zengqiang Duan Lingxiao Zhang Da Sun Xun Li The Status and Research Progress of Cadmium Pollution in Rice- (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) and Wheat- (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Cropping Systems in China: A Critical Review Toxics cadmium pollution status hazard quotient average daily intake pollution mechanism hotspots |
| title | The Status and Research Progress of Cadmium Pollution in Rice- (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) and Wheat- (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Cropping Systems in China: A Critical Review |
| title_full | The Status and Research Progress of Cadmium Pollution in Rice- (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) and Wheat- (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Cropping Systems in China: A Critical Review |
| title_fullStr | The Status and Research Progress of Cadmium Pollution in Rice- (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) and Wheat- (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Cropping Systems in China: A Critical Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Status and Research Progress of Cadmium Pollution in Rice- (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) and Wheat- (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Cropping Systems in China: A Critical Review |
| title_short | The Status and Research Progress of Cadmium Pollution in Rice- (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) and Wheat- (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Cropping Systems in China: A Critical Review |
| title_sort | status and research progress of cadmium pollution in rice i oryza sativa i l and wheat i triticum aestivum i l cropping systems in china a critical review |
| topic | cadmium pollution status hazard quotient average daily intake pollution mechanism hotspots |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/12/794 |
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