GA−Reinforced Deep Neural Network for Net Electric Load Forecasting in Microgrids with Renewable Energy Resources for Scheduling Battery Energy Storage Systems
The large−scale integration of wind power and PV cells into electric grids alleviates the problem of an energy crisis. However, this is also responsible for technical and management problems in the power grid, such as power fluctuation, scheduling difficulties, and reliability reduction. The microgr...
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Algorithms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/10/338 |
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| author | Chaoran Zheng Mohsen Eskandari Ming Li Zeyue Sun |
| author_facet | Chaoran Zheng Mohsen Eskandari Ming Li Zeyue Sun |
| author_sort | Chaoran Zheng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The large−scale integration of wind power and PV cells into electric grids alleviates the problem of an energy crisis. However, this is also responsible for technical and management problems in the power grid, such as power fluctuation, scheduling difficulties, and reliability reduction. The microgrid concept has been proposed to locally control and manage a cluster of local distributed energy resources (DERs) and loads. If the net load power can be accurately predicted, it is possible to schedule/optimize the operation of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) through economic dispatch to cover intermittent renewables. However, the load curve of the microgrid is highly affected by various external factors, resulting in large fluctuations, which makes the prediction problematic. This paper predicts the net electric load of the microgrid using a deep neural network to realize a reliable power supply as well as reduce the cost of power generation. Considering that the backpropagation (BP) neural network has a good approximation effect as well as a strong adaptation ability, the load prediction model of the BP deep neural network is established. However, there are some defects in the BP neural network, such as the prediction effect, which is not precise enough and easily falls into a locally optimal solution. Hence, a genetic algorithm (GA)−reinforced deep neural network is introduced. By optimizing the weight and threshold of the BP network, the deficiency of the BP neural network algorithm is improved so that the prediction effect is realized and optimized. The results reveal that the error reduction in the mean square error (MSE) of the GA–BP neural network prediction is 2.0221, which is significantly smaller than the 30.3493 of the BP neural network prediction. Additionally, the error reduction is 93.3%. The error reductions of the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) are 74.18% and 51.2%, respectively. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:52:25Z |
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| id | doaj.art-3ed00a0dbd7943f695b8c3e1e6197231 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4893 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:52:25Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Algorithms |
| spelling | doaj.art-3ed00a0dbd7943f695b8c3e1e61972312023-11-23T22:29:53ZengMDPI AGAlgorithms1999-48932022-09-01151033810.3390/a15100338GA−Reinforced Deep Neural Network for Net Electric Load Forecasting in Microgrids with Renewable Energy Resources for Scheduling Battery Energy Storage SystemsChaoran Zheng0Mohsen Eskandari1Ming Li2Zeyue Sun3School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaSchool of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaSchool of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaSchool of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaThe large−scale integration of wind power and PV cells into electric grids alleviates the problem of an energy crisis. However, this is also responsible for technical and management problems in the power grid, such as power fluctuation, scheduling difficulties, and reliability reduction. The microgrid concept has been proposed to locally control and manage a cluster of local distributed energy resources (DERs) and loads. If the net load power can be accurately predicted, it is possible to schedule/optimize the operation of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) through economic dispatch to cover intermittent renewables. However, the load curve of the microgrid is highly affected by various external factors, resulting in large fluctuations, which makes the prediction problematic. This paper predicts the net electric load of the microgrid using a deep neural network to realize a reliable power supply as well as reduce the cost of power generation. Considering that the backpropagation (BP) neural network has a good approximation effect as well as a strong adaptation ability, the load prediction model of the BP deep neural network is established. However, there are some defects in the BP neural network, such as the prediction effect, which is not precise enough and easily falls into a locally optimal solution. Hence, a genetic algorithm (GA)−reinforced deep neural network is introduced. By optimizing the weight and threshold of the BP network, the deficiency of the BP neural network algorithm is improved so that the prediction effect is realized and optimized. The results reveal that the error reduction in the mean square error (MSE) of the GA–BP neural network prediction is 2.0221, which is significantly smaller than the 30.3493 of the BP neural network prediction. Additionally, the error reduction is 93.3%. The error reductions of the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) are 74.18% and 51.2%, respectively.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/10/338backpropagation (BP)electric load predictiongenetic algorithm (GA)microgridsneural networkrenewable energy resources (RESs) |
| spellingShingle | Chaoran Zheng Mohsen Eskandari Ming Li Zeyue Sun GA−Reinforced Deep Neural Network for Net Electric Load Forecasting in Microgrids with Renewable Energy Resources for Scheduling Battery Energy Storage Systems Algorithms backpropagation (BP) electric load prediction genetic algorithm (GA) microgrids neural network renewable energy resources (RESs) |
| title | GA−Reinforced Deep Neural Network for Net Electric Load Forecasting in Microgrids with Renewable Energy Resources for Scheduling Battery Energy Storage Systems |
| title_full | GA−Reinforced Deep Neural Network for Net Electric Load Forecasting in Microgrids with Renewable Energy Resources for Scheduling Battery Energy Storage Systems |
| title_fullStr | GA−Reinforced Deep Neural Network for Net Electric Load Forecasting in Microgrids with Renewable Energy Resources for Scheduling Battery Energy Storage Systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | GA−Reinforced Deep Neural Network for Net Electric Load Forecasting in Microgrids with Renewable Energy Resources for Scheduling Battery Energy Storage Systems |
| title_short | GA−Reinforced Deep Neural Network for Net Electric Load Forecasting in Microgrids with Renewable Energy Resources for Scheduling Battery Energy Storage Systems |
| title_sort | ga reinforced deep neural network for net electric load forecasting in microgrids with renewable energy resources for scheduling battery energy storage systems |
| topic | backpropagation (BP) electric load prediction genetic algorithm (GA) microgrids neural network renewable energy resources (RESs) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/10/338 |
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