Growth and Phytochemistry of <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> Stapf Inoculated with Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria under Different Lead Levels
This study aimed to investigate the phytochemistry of lemongrass (<i>Cymbopogon citratus)</i> inoculated with <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i> and grown in lead (Pb)-contaminated soil to assess its responses to inoculation under different Pb levels. The experimental design was...
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/7/944 |
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| author | Rayane Monique Sete da Cruz Henrique Ferreira Jonas Marcelo Jaski Marcelo Coelho Esperança Vieira Mariana Moraes Pinc Silvia Graciele Hülse de Souza Odair Alberton |
| author_facet | Rayane Monique Sete da Cruz Henrique Ferreira Jonas Marcelo Jaski Marcelo Coelho Esperança Vieira Mariana Moraes Pinc Silvia Graciele Hülse de Souza Odair Alberton |
| author_sort | Rayane Monique Sete da Cruz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study aimed to investigate the phytochemistry of lemongrass (<i>Cymbopogon citratus)</i> inoculated with <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i> and grown in lead (Pb)-contaminated soil to assess its responses to inoculation under different Pb levels. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme: two levels of <i>A. brasilense</i> (absence or presence) and five Pb levels. After four months of treatment, the following were analyzed: total and reducing sugars, total phenolic content, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, antioxidant enzymes, proline, and essential oil (EO) content and composition. Soil Pb levels and <i>A. brasilense</i> inoculation affected phytochemicals in lemongrass plants. <i>Azospirillum</i> inoculation reduced total sugars in the roots at all soil Pb levels, while increasing Pb levels favored a rise in sugar contents. There was an increase in flavonoid content in treatments associated with Pb and inoculated with <i>A. brasilense</i>. Antioxidant capacity was lower at lower Pb levels, regardless of bacterial inoculation. Enzymatic response was mainly affected by Pb concentrations between 50 and 100 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> soil. EO content was influenced by soil Pb levels, with higher EO production at 500 mg Pb kg<sup>−1</sup> soil and without <i>A. brasilense</i> inoculation. Overall, lemongrass cultivation in Pb-contaminated areas can be an alternative to phytoremediation and EO production for the industry. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:36:36Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:36:36Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
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| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-3ed68d52c4024a9eb61e33293d72e1912024-04-12T13:24:41ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472024-03-0113794410.3390/plants13070944Growth and Phytochemistry of <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> Stapf Inoculated with Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria under Different Lead LevelsRayane Monique Sete da Cruz0Henrique Ferreira1Jonas Marcelo Jaski2Marcelo Coelho Esperança Vieira3Mariana Moraes Pinc4Silvia Graciele Hülse de Souza5Odair Alberton6Biochemistry and Microbiology Department, Biosciences Institute of Rio Claro, Paulista State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, BrazilPostgraduate Program in Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Umuarama 87502-210, BrazilAgronomy Department, Centro Universitário Ingá—Uningá, Maringá 87035-510, BrazilPostgraduate Program in Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicines in Basic Health Care, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Umuarama 87502-210, BrazilPostgraduate Program in Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Umuarama 87502-210, BrazilPostgraduate Program in Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Umuarama 87502-210, BrazilPostgraduate Program in Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Umuarama 87502-210, BrazilThis study aimed to investigate the phytochemistry of lemongrass (<i>Cymbopogon citratus)</i> inoculated with <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i> and grown in lead (Pb)-contaminated soil to assess its responses to inoculation under different Pb levels. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme: two levels of <i>A. brasilense</i> (absence or presence) and five Pb levels. After four months of treatment, the following were analyzed: total and reducing sugars, total phenolic content, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, antioxidant enzymes, proline, and essential oil (EO) content and composition. Soil Pb levels and <i>A. brasilense</i> inoculation affected phytochemicals in lemongrass plants. <i>Azospirillum</i> inoculation reduced total sugars in the roots at all soil Pb levels, while increasing Pb levels favored a rise in sugar contents. There was an increase in flavonoid content in treatments associated with Pb and inoculated with <i>A. brasilense</i>. Antioxidant capacity was lower at lower Pb levels, regardless of bacterial inoculation. Enzymatic response was mainly affected by Pb concentrations between 50 and 100 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> soil. EO content was influenced by soil Pb levels, with higher EO production at 500 mg Pb kg<sup>−1</sup> soil and without <i>A. brasilense</i> inoculation. Overall, lemongrass cultivation in Pb-contaminated areas can be an alternative to phytoremediation and EO production for the industry.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/7/944PGPBrhizospherephytoremediationsoil rehabilitationlemongrassessential oil |
| spellingShingle | Rayane Monique Sete da Cruz Henrique Ferreira Jonas Marcelo Jaski Marcelo Coelho Esperança Vieira Mariana Moraes Pinc Silvia Graciele Hülse de Souza Odair Alberton Growth and Phytochemistry of <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> Stapf Inoculated with Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria under Different Lead Levels Plants PGPB rhizosphere phytoremediation soil rehabilitation lemongrass essential oil |
| title | Growth and Phytochemistry of <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> Stapf Inoculated with Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria under Different Lead Levels |
| title_full | Growth and Phytochemistry of <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> Stapf Inoculated with Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria under Different Lead Levels |
| title_fullStr | Growth and Phytochemistry of <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> Stapf Inoculated with Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria under Different Lead Levels |
| title_full_unstemmed | Growth and Phytochemistry of <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> Stapf Inoculated with Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria under Different Lead Levels |
| title_short | Growth and Phytochemistry of <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> Stapf Inoculated with Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria under Different Lead Levels |
| title_sort | growth and phytochemistry of i cymbopogon citratus i stapf inoculated with plant growth promoting bacteria under different lead levels |
| topic | PGPB rhizosphere phytoremediation soil rehabilitation lemongrass essential oil |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/7/944 |
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