Acute Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Almond Hull Powders in BALB/c Mice
Almond hull, a substantial byproduct constituting more than half of almond fresh weight, has garnered recent attention due to its abundance in fiber and bioactive content. Despite this huge interest, data on its toxicity remain scarce. In line with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Devel...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/22/4111 |
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| author | Juer Liu Yuyang Yao Yanling Cheng Wei Hua Xinyue Zhu Qiming Miao Guangwei Huang Shengquan Mi Roger Ruan |
| author_facet | Juer Liu Yuyang Yao Yanling Cheng Wei Hua Xinyue Zhu Qiming Miao Guangwei Huang Shengquan Mi Roger Ruan |
| author_sort | Juer Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Almond hull, a substantial byproduct constituting more than half of almond fresh weight, has garnered recent attention due to its abundance in fiber and bioactive content. Despite this huge interest, data on its toxicity remain scarce. In line with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 423 guidelines, this study conducted an acute oral toxicity test using almond hull powders processed from three major almond varieties of Butte, Monterey, and Nonpareil on BALB/c female mice, administering dosages of 300 mg/kg body weight (bw), 2000 mg/kg bw, and 5000 mg/kg bw, with observations over a 14-day period. The results indicated that almond hull powders were non-toxic, aligning with the Globally Harmonized System’s classification. Administering up to 5000 mg/kg bw of all three varieties of almond hull powders (female BALB/c mice) and 10,000 mg/kg bw of Monterey almond hull powders (both female and male mice) induced no adverse effects in terms of mortality, body weight changes, food intake, organ to weight ratio, and clinical biochemistry. Additionally, histopathological examination revealed no organ abnormalities. This study demonstrates the non-toxic nature of almond hull as an edible food ingredient under experimental conditions, encouraging the further exploration of its potential for safe consumption and its health benefits. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:49:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3edc95470eb84bbbb1ee29523eb72e04 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:49:42Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-3edc95470eb84bbbb1ee29523eb72e042023-11-24T14:42:06ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582023-11-011222411110.3390/foods12224111Acute Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Almond Hull Powders in BALB/c MiceJuer Liu0Yuyang Yao1Yanling Cheng2Wei Hua3Xinyue Zhu4Qiming Miao5Guangwei Huang6Shengquan Mi7Roger Ruan8Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MI 55108, USABiochemical Engineering College, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, ChinaCenter for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MI 55108, USABiochemical Engineering College, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, ChinaBiochemical Engineering College, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, ChinaBiochemical Engineering College, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, ChinaAlmond Board of California, Modesto, CA 95354, USABiochemical Engineering College, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, ChinaCenter for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MI 55108, USAAlmond hull, a substantial byproduct constituting more than half of almond fresh weight, has garnered recent attention due to its abundance in fiber and bioactive content. Despite this huge interest, data on its toxicity remain scarce. In line with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 423 guidelines, this study conducted an acute oral toxicity test using almond hull powders processed from three major almond varieties of Butte, Monterey, and Nonpareil on BALB/c female mice, administering dosages of 300 mg/kg body weight (bw), 2000 mg/kg bw, and 5000 mg/kg bw, with observations over a 14-day period. The results indicated that almond hull powders were non-toxic, aligning with the Globally Harmonized System’s classification. Administering up to 5000 mg/kg bw of all three varieties of almond hull powders (female BALB/c mice) and 10,000 mg/kg bw of Monterey almond hull powders (both female and male mice) induced no adverse effects in terms of mortality, body weight changes, food intake, organ to weight ratio, and clinical biochemistry. Additionally, histopathological examination revealed no organ abnormalities. This study demonstrates the non-toxic nature of almond hull as an edible food ingredient under experimental conditions, encouraging the further exploration of its potential for safe consumption and its health benefits.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/22/4111almond hullacute oral toxicitysafety assessmentBALB/c miceOECD 423 |
| spellingShingle | Juer Liu Yuyang Yao Yanling Cheng Wei Hua Xinyue Zhu Qiming Miao Guangwei Huang Shengquan Mi Roger Ruan Acute Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Almond Hull Powders in BALB/c Mice Foods almond hull acute oral toxicity safety assessment BALB/c mice OECD 423 |
| title | Acute Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Almond Hull Powders in BALB/c Mice |
| title_full | Acute Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Almond Hull Powders in BALB/c Mice |
| title_fullStr | Acute Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Almond Hull Powders in BALB/c Mice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Acute Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Almond Hull Powders in BALB/c Mice |
| title_short | Acute Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Almond Hull Powders in BALB/c Mice |
| title_sort | acute oral toxicity evaluation of almond hull powders in balb c mice |
| topic | almond hull acute oral toxicity safety assessment BALB/c mice OECD 423 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/22/4111 |
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