Osteoimmunology: A Link between Gastrointestinal Diseases and Skeletal Health in Chickens
Bone serves as a multifunctional organ in avian species, giving structural integrity to the body, aiding locomotion and flight, regulating mineral homeostasis, and supplementing calcium for eggshell formation. Furthermore, immune cells originate and reside in the bone marrow, sharing a milieu with b...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/11/1816 |
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| author | Milan Kumar Sharma Prafulla Regmi Todd Applegate Lilong Chai Woo Kyun Kim |
| author_facet | Milan Kumar Sharma Prafulla Regmi Todd Applegate Lilong Chai Woo Kyun Kim |
| author_sort | Milan Kumar Sharma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bone serves as a multifunctional organ in avian species, giving structural integrity to the body, aiding locomotion and flight, regulating mineral homeostasis, and supplementing calcium for eggshell formation. Furthermore, immune cells originate and reside in the bone marrow, sharing a milieu with bone cells, indicating a potential interaction in functions. In avian species, the prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases can alter the growth and the immune response, which costs a great fortune to the poultry industry. Previous studies have shown that coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis can dramatically reduce bone quality as well. However, possible mechanisms on how bone quality is influenced by these disease conditions have not yet been completely understood, other than the reduced feed intake. On the other hand, several mediators of the immune response, such as chemokines and cytokines, play a vital role in the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts responsible for bone resorption and osteoblasts for bone formation. In the case of <i>Eimeria</i> spp./<i>Clostridium perfringens</i> coinfection, these mediators are upregulated. One possible mechanism for accelerated bone loss after gastrointestinal illnesses might be immune-mediated osteoclastogenesis via cytokines-RANKL-mediated pathways. This review article thus focuses on osteoimmunological pathways and the interaction between host immune responses and bone biology in gastrointestinal diseases like coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis affecting skeletal health. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:12:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3ef0317e323843048042e230b9db74b8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:12:17Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-3ef0317e323843048042e230b9db74b82023-11-18T07:30:05ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152023-05-011311181610.3390/ani13111816Osteoimmunology: A Link between Gastrointestinal Diseases and Skeletal Health in ChickensMilan Kumar Sharma0Prafulla Regmi1Todd Applegate2Lilong Chai3Woo Kyun Kim4Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USADepartment of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USADepartment of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USADepartment of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USADepartment of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USABone serves as a multifunctional organ in avian species, giving structural integrity to the body, aiding locomotion and flight, regulating mineral homeostasis, and supplementing calcium for eggshell formation. Furthermore, immune cells originate and reside in the bone marrow, sharing a milieu with bone cells, indicating a potential interaction in functions. In avian species, the prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases can alter the growth and the immune response, which costs a great fortune to the poultry industry. Previous studies have shown that coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis can dramatically reduce bone quality as well. However, possible mechanisms on how bone quality is influenced by these disease conditions have not yet been completely understood, other than the reduced feed intake. On the other hand, several mediators of the immune response, such as chemokines and cytokines, play a vital role in the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts responsible for bone resorption and osteoblasts for bone formation. In the case of <i>Eimeria</i> spp./<i>Clostridium perfringens</i> coinfection, these mediators are upregulated. One possible mechanism for accelerated bone loss after gastrointestinal illnesses might be immune-mediated osteoclastogenesis via cytokines-RANKL-mediated pathways. This review article thus focuses on osteoimmunological pathways and the interaction between host immune responses and bone biology in gastrointestinal diseases like coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis affecting skeletal health.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/11/1816osteoimmunologycoccidiosisnecrotic enteritisskeletal health |
| spellingShingle | Milan Kumar Sharma Prafulla Regmi Todd Applegate Lilong Chai Woo Kyun Kim Osteoimmunology: A Link between Gastrointestinal Diseases and Skeletal Health in Chickens Animals osteoimmunology coccidiosis necrotic enteritis skeletal health |
| title | Osteoimmunology: A Link between Gastrointestinal Diseases and Skeletal Health in Chickens |
| title_full | Osteoimmunology: A Link between Gastrointestinal Diseases and Skeletal Health in Chickens |
| title_fullStr | Osteoimmunology: A Link between Gastrointestinal Diseases and Skeletal Health in Chickens |
| title_full_unstemmed | Osteoimmunology: A Link between Gastrointestinal Diseases and Skeletal Health in Chickens |
| title_short | Osteoimmunology: A Link between Gastrointestinal Diseases and Skeletal Health in Chickens |
| title_sort | osteoimmunology a link between gastrointestinal diseases and skeletal health in chickens |
| topic | osteoimmunology coccidiosis necrotic enteritis skeletal health |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/11/1816 |
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