In Situ Ultrasonic Testing for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Applications
In this paper, we present a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique based on in situ detection of defects up to 100 °C by ultrasonic testing (UT) during construction of parts by a metal additive manufacturing technology known as wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). The proposed technique makes us...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Machines |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/10/11/1069 |
| _version_ | 1797464825452822528 |
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| author | Ana Beatriz Lopez José Pedro Sousa João P. M. Pragana Ivo M. F. Bragança Telmo G. Santos Carlos M. A. Silva |
| author_facet | Ana Beatriz Lopez José Pedro Sousa João P. M. Pragana Ivo M. F. Bragança Telmo G. Santos Carlos M. A. Silva |
| author_sort | Ana Beatriz Lopez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this paper, we present a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique based on in situ detection of defects up to 100 °C by ultrasonic testing (UT) during construction of parts by a metal additive manufacturing technology known as wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). The proposed technique makes use of interlayer application of commercial solder flux to serve as coupling medium for in situ inspection using a special-purpose UT probe. The experimental work was carried out in deposited ER5356 aluminum straight walls following a threefold structure. First, characterization tests with geometrically similar walls with and without interlayer application of solder flux highlight its neutrality, with no effect on the chemical, metallurgical and mechanical properties of the walls. Secondly, UT tests on walls at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 100 °C demonstrate the satisfactory performance of the solder flux as a coupling medium, with little to no soundwave amplitude losses or noise. Finally, acoustic attenuation, impedance and transmission estimations highlight the effectiveness of the proposed technique, establishing a basis for the future development of automated NDT systems for in situ UT of additive manufacturing processes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:12:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3f064c8d348046978e25f0e9b1f94f71 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-1702 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:12:39Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Machines |
| spelling | doaj.art-3f064c8d348046978e25f0e9b1f94f712023-11-24T08:58:58ZengMDPI AGMachines2075-17022022-11-011011106910.3390/machines10111069In Situ Ultrasonic Testing for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing ApplicationsAna Beatriz Lopez0José Pedro Sousa1João P. M. Pragana2Ivo M. F. Bragança3Telmo G. Santos4Carlos M. A. Silva5European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting (EWF), 2740-119 Porto Salvo, PortugalNondestructive Testing Laboratory, Instituto de Soldadura e Qualidade (ISQ), 2740-120 Porto Salvo, PortugalIDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, PortugalIDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, PortugalUNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, PortugalIDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, PortugalIn this paper, we present a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique based on in situ detection of defects up to 100 °C by ultrasonic testing (UT) during construction of parts by a metal additive manufacturing technology known as wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). The proposed technique makes use of interlayer application of commercial solder flux to serve as coupling medium for in situ inspection using a special-purpose UT probe. The experimental work was carried out in deposited ER5356 aluminum straight walls following a threefold structure. First, characterization tests with geometrically similar walls with and without interlayer application of solder flux highlight its neutrality, with no effect on the chemical, metallurgical and mechanical properties of the walls. Secondly, UT tests on walls at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 100 °C demonstrate the satisfactory performance of the solder flux as a coupling medium, with little to no soundwave amplitude losses or noise. Finally, acoustic attenuation, impedance and transmission estimations highlight the effectiveness of the proposed technique, establishing a basis for the future development of automated NDT systems for in situ UT of additive manufacturing processes.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/10/11/1069wire arc additive manufacturingnon-destructive testingultrasonic testinghigh-temperature inspection |
| spellingShingle | Ana Beatriz Lopez José Pedro Sousa João P. M. Pragana Ivo M. F. Bragança Telmo G. Santos Carlos M. A. Silva In Situ Ultrasonic Testing for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Applications Machines wire arc additive manufacturing non-destructive testing ultrasonic testing high-temperature inspection |
| title | In Situ Ultrasonic Testing for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Applications |
| title_full | In Situ Ultrasonic Testing for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Applications |
| title_fullStr | In Situ Ultrasonic Testing for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | In Situ Ultrasonic Testing for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Applications |
| title_short | In Situ Ultrasonic Testing for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Applications |
| title_sort | in situ ultrasonic testing for wire arc additive manufacturing applications |
| topic | wire arc additive manufacturing non-destructive testing ultrasonic testing high-temperature inspection |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/10/11/1069 |
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