Effect of Source and Level of Dietary Supplementary Copper on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation in Growing Yaks
Copper (Cu) is essential for the health of livestock, however, the optimal source and level of dietary Cu for yaks are uncertain. To fill this important gap, we designed an in vitro study to examine the effects of three Cu sources, namely Cu methionine (Met-Cu), Cu chloride (CuCl<sub>2</sub...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Fermentation |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/8/12/693 |
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| author | Xinsheng Zhao Lizhuang Hao Yanfeng Xue Allan Degen Shujie Liu |
| author_facet | Xinsheng Zhao Lizhuang Hao Yanfeng Xue Allan Degen Shujie Liu |
| author_sort | Xinsheng Zhao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Copper (Cu) is essential for the health of livestock, however, the optimal source and level of dietary Cu for yaks are uncertain. To fill this important gap, we designed an in vitro study to examine the effects of three Cu sources, namely Cu methionine (Met-Cu), Cu chloride (CuCl<sub>2</sub>) and tribasic Cu chloride (TBCC), at five levels, namely 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mg/kg DM (includes Cu in substrate), on rumen fermentation in yaks. In vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and amylase activity were greater (<i>p</i> < 0.05) with added Met-Cu than the other two Cu sources, and ammonia nitrogen (NH<sub>3</sub>-N), microbial protein (MCP) and propionate contents were greater with Met-Cu and CuCl<sub>2</sub> than with TBCC. Total gas production and lipase activity were greater with Met-Cu and TBCC than CuCl<sub>2</sub> (<i>p</i> < 0.05), which meant that the metabolizable energy yield was greater in the two former Cu sources than the latter, but CH<sub>4</sub> production did not differ (<i>p</i> = 0.92) among Cu sources. IVDMD and lipase activity were greatest (<i>p</i> < 0.05) at 15 mg Cu/kg DM in the substrate and MCP, isobutyrate, butyrate and isovalerate contents, and amylase and trypsin activities were greatest or second greatest at 10 and 15 mg Cu/kg DM. It was concluded that Met-Cu was the best source of Cu and 10 to 15 mg Cu/kg DM was the optimal level for yaks, at least under in vitro conditions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:46:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3f6f8816c78141289514cd135e9d8751 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-5637 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:46:46Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Fermentation |
| spelling | doaj.art-3f6f8816c78141289514cd135e9d87512023-11-24T14:45:10ZengMDPI AGFermentation2311-56372022-11-0181269310.3390/fermentation8120693Effect of Source and Level of Dietary Supplementary Copper on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation in Growing YaksXinsheng Zhao0Lizhuang Hao1Yanfeng Xue2Allan Degen3Shujie Liu4Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Plateau Yak Research Center, Qinghai Academy of Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, ChinaKey Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Plateau Yak Research Center, Qinghai Academy of Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, ChinaKey Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Plateau Yak Research Center, Qinghai Academy of Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, ChinaDesert Animal Adaptations and Husbandry, Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410500, IsraelKey Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Plateau Yak Research Center, Qinghai Academy of Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, ChinaCopper (Cu) is essential for the health of livestock, however, the optimal source and level of dietary Cu for yaks are uncertain. To fill this important gap, we designed an in vitro study to examine the effects of three Cu sources, namely Cu methionine (Met-Cu), Cu chloride (CuCl<sub>2</sub>) and tribasic Cu chloride (TBCC), at five levels, namely 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mg/kg DM (includes Cu in substrate), on rumen fermentation in yaks. In vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and amylase activity were greater (<i>p</i> < 0.05) with added Met-Cu than the other two Cu sources, and ammonia nitrogen (NH<sub>3</sub>-N), microbial protein (MCP) and propionate contents were greater with Met-Cu and CuCl<sub>2</sub> than with TBCC. Total gas production and lipase activity were greater with Met-Cu and TBCC than CuCl<sub>2</sub> (<i>p</i> < 0.05), which meant that the metabolizable energy yield was greater in the two former Cu sources than the latter, but CH<sub>4</sub> production did not differ (<i>p</i> = 0.92) among Cu sources. IVDMD and lipase activity were greatest (<i>p</i> < 0.05) at 15 mg Cu/kg DM in the substrate and MCP, isobutyrate, butyrate and isovalerate contents, and amylase and trypsin activities were greatest or second greatest at 10 and 15 mg Cu/kg DM. It was concluded that Met-Cu was the best source of Cu and 10 to 15 mg Cu/kg DM was the optimal level for yaks, at least under in vitro conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/8/12/693yakcopper sourcecopper levelin vitro gas production techniquerumen fermentation |
| spellingShingle | Xinsheng Zhao Lizhuang Hao Yanfeng Xue Allan Degen Shujie Liu Effect of Source and Level of Dietary Supplementary Copper on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation in Growing Yaks Fermentation yak copper source copper level in vitro gas production technique rumen fermentation |
| title | Effect of Source and Level of Dietary Supplementary Copper on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation in Growing Yaks |
| title_full | Effect of Source and Level of Dietary Supplementary Copper on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation in Growing Yaks |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Source and Level of Dietary Supplementary Copper on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation in Growing Yaks |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Source and Level of Dietary Supplementary Copper on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation in Growing Yaks |
| title_short | Effect of Source and Level of Dietary Supplementary Copper on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation in Growing Yaks |
| title_sort | effect of source and level of dietary supplementary copper on in vitro rumen fermentation in growing yaks |
| topic | yak copper source copper level in vitro gas production technique rumen fermentation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/8/12/693 |
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