An Assessment of the Hopping Strategy and Inter-Limb Asymmetry during the Triple Hop Test: A Test–Retest Pilot Study
The aims of the present study are to: (1) determine within- and between-session reliability of multiple metrics obtained during the triple hop test; and (2) determine any systematic bias in both the test and inter-limb asymmetry scores for these metrics. Thirteen male young American football athlete...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Symmetry |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/10/1890 |
| _version_ | 1797513052821651456 |
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| author | Kyle Davey Paul Read Joseph Coyne Paul Jarvis Anthony Turner Jon Brazier Nejc Šarabon Matthew J. Jordan Chris Bishop |
| author_facet | Kyle Davey Paul Read Joseph Coyne Paul Jarvis Anthony Turner Jon Brazier Nejc Šarabon Matthew J. Jordan Chris Bishop |
| author_sort | Kyle Davey |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aims of the present study are to: (1) determine within- and between-session reliability of multiple metrics obtained during the triple hop test; and (2) determine any systematic bias in both the test and inter-limb asymmetry scores for these metrics. Thirteen male young American football athletes performed three trials of a triple hop test on each leg on two separate occasions. In addition to the total distance hopped, manual detection of touch down and toe-off were calculated via video analysis, enabling flight time (for each hop), ground contact time (GCT), reactive strength index (RSI), and leg stiffness (between hops) to be calculated. Results showed all coefficient of variation (CV) values were ≤ 10.67% and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ranged from moderate to excellent (0.53–0.95) in both test sessions. Intrarater reliability showed excellent reliability for all metrics (CV ≤ 3.60%, ICC ≥ 0.97). No systematic bias was evident between test sessions for raw test scores (<i>g</i> = −0.34 to 0.32) or the magnitude of asymmetry (<i>g</i> = −0.19 to 0.43). However, ‘real’ changes in asymmetry (i.e., greater than the CV in session 1) were evident on an individual level for all metrics. For the direction of asymmetry, kappa coefficients revealed poor-to-fair levels of agreement between test sessions for all metrics (K = −0.10 to 0.39), with the exception of the first hop (K = 0.69). These data show that, given the inherent limitations of distance jumped in the triple hop test, practitioners can confidently gather a range of reliable data when computed manually, provided sufficient test familiarization is conducted. In addition, although the magnitude of asymmetry appears to show only small changes between test sessions, limb dominance does appear to fluctuate between test sessions, highlighting the value of also monitoring the direction of the imbalance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:10:18Z |
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| id | doaj.art-3f8afcc96bd24aeaa535b4ac3f1ce5ba |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-8994 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:10:18Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Symmetry |
| spelling | doaj.art-3f8afcc96bd24aeaa535b4ac3f1ce5ba2023-11-22T20:10:38ZengMDPI AGSymmetry2073-89942021-10-011310189010.3390/sym13101890An Assessment of the Hopping Strategy and Inter-Limb Asymmetry during the Triple Hop Test: A Test–Retest Pilot StudyKyle Davey0Paul Read1Joseph Coyne2Paul Jarvis3Anthony Turner4Jon Brazier5Nejc Šarabon6Matthew J. Jordan7Chris Bishop8Northwest Rehabilitation Associates, Salem, OR 97302, USAInstitute for Sport Exercise and Health, Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7HA, UKSchool of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, AustraliaFaculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UKFaculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UKSchool of Life and Medical Science, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UKFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, 6310 Izola, SloveniaFaculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, CanadaFaculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UKThe aims of the present study are to: (1) determine within- and between-session reliability of multiple metrics obtained during the triple hop test; and (2) determine any systematic bias in both the test and inter-limb asymmetry scores for these metrics. Thirteen male young American football athletes performed three trials of a triple hop test on each leg on two separate occasions. In addition to the total distance hopped, manual detection of touch down and toe-off were calculated via video analysis, enabling flight time (for each hop), ground contact time (GCT), reactive strength index (RSI), and leg stiffness (between hops) to be calculated. Results showed all coefficient of variation (CV) values were ≤ 10.67% and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ranged from moderate to excellent (0.53–0.95) in both test sessions. Intrarater reliability showed excellent reliability for all metrics (CV ≤ 3.60%, ICC ≥ 0.97). No systematic bias was evident between test sessions for raw test scores (<i>g</i> = −0.34 to 0.32) or the magnitude of asymmetry (<i>g</i> = −0.19 to 0.43). However, ‘real’ changes in asymmetry (i.e., greater than the CV in session 1) were evident on an individual level for all metrics. For the direction of asymmetry, kappa coefficients revealed poor-to-fair levels of agreement between test sessions for all metrics (K = −0.10 to 0.39), with the exception of the first hop (K = 0.69). These data show that, given the inherent limitations of distance jumped in the triple hop test, practitioners can confidently gather a range of reliable data when computed manually, provided sufficient test familiarization is conducted. In addition, although the magnitude of asymmetry appears to show only small changes between test sessions, limb dominance does appear to fluctuate between test sessions, highlighting the value of also monitoring the direction of the imbalance.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/10/1890triple hop testreactive strength indexleg stiffnessstrategy metrics |
| spellingShingle | Kyle Davey Paul Read Joseph Coyne Paul Jarvis Anthony Turner Jon Brazier Nejc Šarabon Matthew J. Jordan Chris Bishop An Assessment of the Hopping Strategy and Inter-Limb Asymmetry during the Triple Hop Test: A Test–Retest Pilot Study Symmetry triple hop test reactive strength index leg stiffness strategy metrics |
| title | An Assessment of the Hopping Strategy and Inter-Limb Asymmetry during the Triple Hop Test: A Test–Retest Pilot Study |
| title_full | An Assessment of the Hopping Strategy and Inter-Limb Asymmetry during the Triple Hop Test: A Test–Retest Pilot Study |
| title_fullStr | An Assessment of the Hopping Strategy and Inter-Limb Asymmetry during the Triple Hop Test: A Test–Retest Pilot Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Assessment of the Hopping Strategy and Inter-Limb Asymmetry during the Triple Hop Test: A Test–Retest Pilot Study |
| title_short | An Assessment of the Hopping Strategy and Inter-Limb Asymmetry during the Triple Hop Test: A Test–Retest Pilot Study |
| title_sort | assessment of the hopping strategy and inter limb asymmetry during the triple hop test a test retest pilot study |
| topic | triple hop test reactive strength index leg stiffness strategy metrics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/10/1890 |
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