Comparison of pharmaceutical, illicit drug, alcohol, nicotine and caffeine levels in wastewater with sale, seizure and consumption data for 8 European cities
Abstract Background Monitoring the scale of pharmaceuticals, illicit and licit drugs consumption is important to assess the needs of law enforcement and public health, and provides more information about the different trends within different countries. Community drug use patterns are usually describ...
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BMC
2016-10-01
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| Series: | BMC Public Health |
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| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-016-3686-5 |
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| author | Jose Antonio Baz-Lomba Stefania Salvatore Emma Gracia-Lor Richard Bade Sara Castiglioni Erika Castrignanò Ana Causanilles Felix Hernandez Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern Juliet Kinyua Ann-Kathrin McCall Alexander van Nuijs Christoph Ort Benedek G. Plósz Pedram Ramin Malcolm Reid Nikolaos I. Rousis Yeonsuk Ryu Pim de Voogt Jorgen Bramness Kevin Thomas |
| author_facet | Jose Antonio Baz-Lomba Stefania Salvatore Emma Gracia-Lor Richard Bade Sara Castiglioni Erika Castrignanò Ana Causanilles Felix Hernandez Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern Juliet Kinyua Ann-Kathrin McCall Alexander van Nuijs Christoph Ort Benedek G. Plósz Pedram Ramin Malcolm Reid Nikolaos I. Rousis Yeonsuk Ryu Pim de Voogt Jorgen Bramness Kevin Thomas |
| author_sort | Jose Antonio Baz-Lomba |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Monitoring the scale of pharmaceuticals, illicit and licit drugs consumption is important to assess the needs of law enforcement and public health, and provides more information about the different trends within different countries. Community drug use patterns are usually described by national surveys, sales and seizure data. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been shown to be a reliable approach complementing such surveys. Method This study aims to compare and correlate the consumption estimates of pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, alcohol, nicotine and caffeine from wastewater analysis and other sources of information. Wastewater samples were collected in 2015 from 8 different European cities over a one week period, representing a population of approximately 5 million people. Published pharmaceutical sale, illicit drug seizure and alcohol, tobacco and caffeine use data were used for the comparison. Results High agreement was found between wastewater and other data sources for pharmaceuticals and cocaine, whereas amphetamines, alcohol and caffeine showed a moderate correlation. methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and nicotine did not correlate with other sources of data. Most of the poor correlations were explained as part of the uncertainties related with the use estimates and were improved with other complementary sources of data. Conclusions This work confirms the promising future of WBE as a complementary approach to obtain a more accurate picture of substance use situation within different communities. Our findings suggest further improvements to reduce the uncertainties associated with both sources of information in order to make the data more comparable. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T08:44:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3f9a6aaca9c049c2b0fa4940001c6a5e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-2458 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T08:44:07Z |
| publishDate | 2016-10-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Public Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-3f9a6aaca9c049c2b0fa4940001c6a5e2022-12-22T01:14:11ZengBMCBMC Public Health1471-24582016-10-0116111110.1186/s12889-016-3686-5Comparison of pharmaceutical, illicit drug, alcohol, nicotine and caffeine levels in wastewater with sale, seizure and consumption data for 8 European citiesJose Antonio Baz-Lomba0Stefania Salvatore1Emma Gracia-Lor2Richard Bade3Sara Castiglioni4Erika Castrignanò5Ana Causanilles6Felix Hernandez7Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern8Juliet Kinyua9Ann-Kathrin McCall10Alexander van Nuijs11Christoph Ort12Benedek G. Plósz13Pedram Ramin14Malcolm Reid15Nikolaos I. Rousis16Yeonsuk Ryu17Pim de Voogt18Jorgen Bramness19Kevin Thomas20Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of OsloIRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume IIRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Faculty of ScienceKWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and HealthResearch Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume IDepartment of Chemistry, University of Bath, Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Campus Drie Eiken, University of AntwerpEawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Campus Drie Eiken, University of AntwerpEawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of DenmarkDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of DenmarkNorwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and HealthNorwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of OsloNorwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)Abstract Background Monitoring the scale of pharmaceuticals, illicit and licit drugs consumption is important to assess the needs of law enforcement and public health, and provides more information about the different trends within different countries. Community drug use patterns are usually described by national surveys, sales and seizure data. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been shown to be a reliable approach complementing such surveys. Method This study aims to compare and correlate the consumption estimates of pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, alcohol, nicotine and caffeine from wastewater analysis and other sources of information. Wastewater samples were collected in 2015 from 8 different European cities over a one week period, representing a population of approximately 5 million people. Published pharmaceutical sale, illicit drug seizure and alcohol, tobacco and caffeine use data were used for the comparison. Results High agreement was found between wastewater and other data sources for pharmaceuticals and cocaine, whereas amphetamines, alcohol and caffeine showed a moderate correlation. methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and nicotine did not correlate with other sources of data. Most of the poor correlations were explained as part of the uncertainties related with the use estimates and were improved with other complementary sources of data. Conclusions This work confirms the promising future of WBE as a complementary approach to obtain a more accurate picture of substance use situation within different communities. Our findings suggest further improvements to reduce the uncertainties associated with both sources of information in order to make the data more comparable.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-016-3686-5Wastewater-based epidemiologyDrug consumption, Correlation, Europe-wide study, Seizures, Sales statistics |
| spellingShingle | Jose Antonio Baz-Lomba Stefania Salvatore Emma Gracia-Lor Richard Bade Sara Castiglioni Erika Castrignanò Ana Causanilles Felix Hernandez Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern Juliet Kinyua Ann-Kathrin McCall Alexander van Nuijs Christoph Ort Benedek G. Plósz Pedram Ramin Malcolm Reid Nikolaos I. Rousis Yeonsuk Ryu Pim de Voogt Jorgen Bramness Kevin Thomas Comparison of pharmaceutical, illicit drug, alcohol, nicotine and caffeine levels in wastewater with sale, seizure and consumption data for 8 European cities BMC Public Health Wastewater-based epidemiology Drug consumption, Correlation, Europe-wide study, Seizures, Sales statistics |
| title | Comparison of pharmaceutical, illicit drug, alcohol, nicotine and caffeine levels in wastewater with sale, seizure and consumption data for 8 European cities |
| title_full | Comparison of pharmaceutical, illicit drug, alcohol, nicotine and caffeine levels in wastewater with sale, seizure and consumption data for 8 European cities |
| title_fullStr | Comparison of pharmaceutical, illicit drug, alcohol, nicotine and caffeine levels in wastewater with sale, seizure and consumption data for 8 European cities |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparison of pharmaceutical, illicit drug, alcohol, nicotine and caffeine levels in wastewater with sale, seizure and consumption data for 8 European cities |
| title_short | Comparison of pharmaceutical, illicit drug, alcohol, nicotine and caffeine levels in wastewater with sale, seizure and consumption data for 8 European cities |
| title_sort | comparison of pharmaceutical illicit drug alcohol nicotine and caffeine levels in wastewater with sale seizure and consumption data for 8 european cities |
| topic | Wastewater-based epidemiology Drug consumption, Correlation, Europe-wide study, Seizures, Sales statistics |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-016-3686-5 |
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