Multi-Year Winter Variations in Suspended Sediment Flux through the Bohai Strait
The Bohai Strait is the only channel that allows material exchanges between the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. It is also the only channel for the transportation of materials from the Yellow River to the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. The supply of suspended sediment from the Bohai Sea plays a de...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/24/4066 |
| _version_ | 1797544945921294336 |
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| author | Xingmin Liu Lulu Qiao Yi Zhong Wenjing Xue Peng Liu |
| author_facet | Xingmin Liu Lulu Qiao Yi Zhong Wenjing Xue Peng Liu |
| author_sort | Xingmin Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Bohai Strait is the only channel that allows material exchanges between the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. It is also the only channel for the transportation of materials from the Yellow River to the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. The supply of suspended sediment from the Bohai Sea plays a decisive role in the evolution of the mud area in the northern Yellow Sea and even the muddy area in the southern Yellow Sea. Previous studies have demonstrated that sediment exchange through the Bohai Strait occurs mainly in winter, but due to the lack of long-term observational data, changes in the sediment flux over multiple years have not been studied. In this paper, based on L1B data from the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) -Aqua satellite, an interannual time series of the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) at each depth layers in the Bohai Strait in winter was established through 16 cruises that benefited from the complete vertical mixing water in the strait in winter. The numerical model FVCOM, (Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model) which is forced by the hourly averaged wind field, reflected the effect of winter gales. With the model simulated winter current from 2002 to the present and the SSC at each layer, multi-year winter suspended sediment flux data were obtained for the Bohai Strait. This study found that in the winter, the suspended sediment output from the Bohai Sea to the Yellow Sea through the southern part of the Bohai Strait, while the suspended sediment input from the Yellow Sea to the Bohai Sea is through the northern part. In terms of long-term changes, the net flux ranged between 1.22 to 2.70 million tons in winter and showed a weak downward trend. The output flux and input flux both showed an upward trend, but the increase rate of the input flux was 51,100 tons/year, which was higher than the increase of the output flux rate (46,100 tons/year). These changes were mainly controlled by the increasing strength of east component of winter wind. And the weak decrease in net flux is controlled by the difference of output and input flux. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:07:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3f9c18aa2b2b43d5aa8a9c5191195a86 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:07:39Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-3f9c18aa2b2b43d5aa8a9c5191195a862023-11-21T00:28:08ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922020-12-011224406610.3390/rs12244066Multi-Year Winter Variations in Suspended Sediment Flux through the Bohai StraitXingmin Liu0Lulu Qiao1Yi Zhong2Wenjing Xue3Peng Liu4College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, ChinaCollege of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, ChinaCollege of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, ChinaCollege of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, ChinaCollege of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, ChinaThe Bohai Strait is the only channel that allows material exchanges between the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. It is also the only channel for the transportation of materials from the Yellow River to the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. The supply of suspended sediment from the Bohai Sea plays a decisive role in the evolution of the mud area in the northern Yellow Sea and even the muddy area in the southern Yellow Sea. Previous studies have demonstrated that sediment exchange through the Bohai Strait occurs mainly in winter, but due to the lack of long-term observational data, changes in the sediment flux over multiple years have not been studied. In this paper, based on L1B data from the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) -Aqua satellite, an interannual time series of the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) at each depth layers in the Bohai Strait in winter was established through 16 cruises that benefited from the complete vertical mixing water in the strait in winter. The numerical model FVCOM, (Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model) which is forced by the hourly averaged wind field, reflected the effect of winter gales. With the model simulated winter current from 2002 to the present and the SSC at each layer, multi-year winter suspended sediment flux data were obtained for the Bohai Strait. This study found that in the winter, the suspended sediment output from the Bohai Sea to the Yellow Sea through the southern part of the Bohai Strait, while the suspended sediment input from the Yellow Sea to the Bohai Sea is through the northern part. In terms of long-term changes, the net flux ranged between 1.22 to 2.70 million tons in winter and showed a weak downward trend. The output flux and input flux both showed an upward trend, but the increase rate of the input flux was 51,100 tons/year, which was higher than the increase of the output flux rate (46,100 tons/year). These changes were mainly controlled by the increasing strength of east component of winter wind. And the weak decrease in net flux is controlled by the difference of output and input flux.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/24/4066Bohai Straitsuspended sediment fluxwinter windmulti-year changes |
| spellingShingle | Xingmin Liu Lulu Qiao Yi Zhong Wenjing Xue Peng Liu Multi-Year Winter Variations in Suspended Sediment Flux through the Bohai Strait Remote Sensing Bohai Strait suspended sediment flux winter wind multi-year changes |
| title | Multi-Year Winter Variations in Suspended Sediment Flux through the Bohai Strait |
| title_full | Multi-Year Winter Variations in Suspended Sediment Flux through the Bohai Strait |
| title_fullStr | Multi-Year Winter Variations in Suspended Sediment Flux through the Bohai Strait |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multi-Year Winter Variations in Suspended Sediment Flux through the Bohai Strait |
| title_short | Multi-Year Winter Variations in Suspended Sediment Flux through the Bohai Strait |
| title_sort | multi year winter variations in suspended sediment flux through the bohai strait |
| topic | Bohai Strait suspended sediment flux winter wind multi-year changes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/24/4066 |
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