Study on the Application of Electronic Nose Technology in the Detection for the Artificial Ripening of Crab Apples
Ripening agents can accelerate the ripening of fruits and maintain a similar appearance to naturally ripe fruits, but the fruit flavor and quality will be changed compared to naturally ripe fruits. To find an efficient detection method to distinguish whether crab apples were artificial ripened, the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Horticulturae |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/8/5/386 |
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| author | Jianlei Qiao Guoqiang Su Chang Liu Yuanjun Zou Zhiyong Chang Hailing Yu Lianjun Wang Ruixue Guo |
| author_facet | Jianlei Qiao Guoqiang Su Chang Liu Yuanjun Zou Zhiyong Chang Hailing Yu Lianjun Wang Ruixue Guo |
| author_sort | Jianlei Qiao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ripening agents can accelerate the ripening of fruits and maintain a similar appearance to naturally ripe fruits, but the fruit flavor and quality will be changed compared to naturally ripe fruits. To find an efficient detection method to distinguish whether crab apples were artificial ripened, the naturally ripe and artificially ripe fruits were detected and analyzed using the electronic nose (e-nose) technique in this study. The fruit quality indexes of samples were determined by the traditional method as a reference. Significant differences were found between naturally ripe and artificially ripe fruits based on the analysis of soluble sugar content, titratable acidity content, sugar–acid ratio, soluble protein content, and soluble solids content. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF) analyses were performed on the electrical signals generated by the electronic nose sensor, respectively. The results showed that the RF is the best recognition algorithm for distinguishing which crab apples were naturally ripe or artificially ripe; the average recognition accuracy is 98.3%. On the other hand, the prediction models between the e-nose response data and fruit quality indexes were constructed by partial least squares regression (PLSR), which showed that the feature value of e-nose response curves extracted by wavelet transform was highly correlated with the quality indexes of fruits, the determination coefficients (R<sup>2</sup>) of regression models were higher than 0.91. The results demonstrated that the detection technology with an electronic nose could be used to test whether the fruit of the crab apple was artificially ripe, which is an economical and efficient method. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:47:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3fa38106e30246cd841e46cac9d60aab |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:47:10Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Horticulturae |
| spelling | doaj.art-3fa38106e30246cd841e46cac9d60aab2023-11-23T11:16:27ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242022-04-018538610.3390/horticulturae8050386Study on the Application of Electronic Nose Technology in the Detection for the Artificial Ripening of Crab ApplesJianlei Qiao0Guoqiang Su1Chang Liu2Yuanjun Zou3Zhiyong Chang4Hailing Yu5Lianjun Wang6Ruixue Guo7College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, ChinaSchool of Medical Information, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, ChinaSchool of Medical Information, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, ChinaKey Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, ChinaKey Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Soil Resources in The Commodity Grain Bases of Jilin Province, College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130018, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, ChinaRipening agents can accelerate the ripening of fruits and maintain a similar appearance to naturally ripe fruits, but the fruit flavor and quality will be changed compared to naturally ripe fruits. To find an efficient detection method to distinguish whether crab apples were artificial ripened, the naturally ripe and artificially ripe fruits were detected and analyzed using the electronic nose (e-nose) technique in this study. The fruit quality indexes of samples were determined by the traditional method as a reference. Significant differences were found between naturally ripe and artificially ripe fruits based on the analysis of soluble sugar content, titratable acidity content, sugar–acid ratio, soluble protein content, and soluble solids content. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF) analyses were performed on the electrical signals generated by the electronic nose sensor, respectively. The results showed that the RF is the best recognition algorithm for distinguishing which crab apples were naturally ripe or artificially ripe; the average recognition accuracy is 98.3%. On the other hand, the prediction models between the e-nose response data and fruit quality indexes were constructed by partial least squares regression (PLSR), which showed that the feature value of e-nose response curves extracted by wavelet transform was highly correlated with the quality indexes of fruits, the determination coefficients (R<sup>2</sup>) of regression models were higher than 0.91. The results demonstrated that the detection technology with an electronic nose could be used to test whether the fruit of the crab apple was artificially ripe, which is an economical and efficient method.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/8/5/386electronic nosefruit qualitydetectioninformation acquisitionpattern recognition |
| spellingShingle | Jianlei Qiao Guoqiang Su Chang Liu Yuanjun Zou Zhiyong Chang Hailing Yu Lianjun Wang Ruixue Guo Study on the Application of Electronic Nose Technology in the Detection for the Artificial Ripening of Crab Apples Horticulturae electronic nose fruit quality detection information acquisition pattern recognition |
| title | Study on the Application of Electronic Nose Technology in the Detection for the Artificial Ripening of Crab Apples |
| title_full | Study on the Application of Electronic Nose Technology in the Detection for the Artificial Ripening of Crab Apples |
| title_fullStr | Study on the Application of Electronic Nose Technology in the Detection for the Artificial Ripening of Crab Apples |
| title_full_unstemmed | Study on the Application of Electronic Nose Technology in the Detection for the Artificial Ripening of Crab Apples |
| title_short | Study on the Application of Electronic Nose Technology in the Detection for the Artificial Ripening of Crab Apples |
| title_sort | study on the application of electronic nose technology in the detection for the artificial ripening of crab apples |
| topic | electronic nose fruit quality detection information acquisition pattern recognition |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/8/5/386 |
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