Reliable and Delay Aware Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
The reliability of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is measured in terms of energy consumption (EC), end-to-end delay(E2E), and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The adverse effects of a channel may cause data loss. Reducing delay up to the possible extent improves the reliability of the netwo...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IEEE
2023-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10286825/ |
| _version_ | 1797648645235933184 |
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| author | Sami Ullah Amjad Saleem Najmul Hassan Ghulam Muhammad Jungpil Shin Qurratul-Ain Minhas Muhammad Kamran Khan |
| author_facet | Sami Ullah Amjad Saleem Najmul Hassan Ghulam Muhammad Jungpil Shin Qurratul-Ain Minhas Muhammad Kamran Khan |
| author_sort | Sami Ullah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The reliability of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is measured in terms of energy consumption (EC), end-to-end delay(E2E), and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The adverse effects of a channel may cause data loss. Reducing delay up to the possible extent improves the reliability of the network, also increasing the number of nodes in a particular network increases reliability. Besides, increasing the number of nodes improves reliability but also increases power consumption. In order to overcome these shortcomings, the two routing protocols are proposed in this paper, namely the Delay and Reliability Aware Routing (DRAR) protocol and the Cooperative Delay and Reliability Aware Routing (Co-DRAR) protocol for UWSNs. In the DRAR protocol, the network is divided into two equal regions where two sink nodes(SNs) are positioned at the upper region of the network and two SNs are placed at the mid-region of the network. The protocol chooses the relay node based on residual energy (RE), distance, and Bit Error Rate (BER). These parameters protect the data packets from corruption and also provide a stable path (where nodes remain active for longer periods and do not die quickly). The protocol uses a single link and may get worse sometimes while changing channel circumstances. To address this problem, a cooperative routing scheme is added to the DRAR protocol in order to develop its enhanced version known as the Co-DRAR protocol. The protocol works by allowing the destination to receive multiple copies of data packets in order to decide the quality of packets. The proposed protocols DRAR and Co-DRAR perform routing irrespective of the geographical position of sensor nodes conversely to some conventional routing protocols. This is why our proposed protocols perform better than the well-known protocol i.e. Depth base routing (DBR) in terms of EC, E2E, PDR, dead nodes, packet drop ratio, and number of alive nodes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T15:33:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3fb3c7d191ab494cae2c130aff5ae2d4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T15:33:57Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj.art-3fb3c7d191ab494cae2c130aff5ae2d42023-10-26T23:01:22ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362023-01-011111693211694310.1109/ACCESS.2023.332531110286825Reliable and Delay Aware Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor NetworksSami Ullah0Amjad Saleem1Najmul Hassan2Ghulam Muhammad3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9781-3969Jungpil Shin4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7476-2468Qurratul-Ain Minhas5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8840-2562Muhammad Kamran Khan6https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6153-0273Department of Electronics, COMSIP Laboratory, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Electronics, COMSIP Laboratory, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Electronics, COMSIP Laboratory, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Computer Science and Engineering, The University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu, JapanDepartment of Electronics, COMSIP Laboratory, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Electronics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, PakistanThe reliability of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is measured in terms of energy consumption (EC), end-to-end delay(E2E), and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The adverse effects of a channel may cause data loss. Reducing delay up to the possible extent improves the reliability of the network, also increasing the number of nodes in a particular network increases reliability. Besides, increasing the number of nodes improves reliability but also increases power consumption. In order to overcome these shortcomings, the two routing protocols are proposed in this paper, namely the Delay and Reliability Aware Routing (DRAR) protocol and the Cooperative Delay and Reliability Aware Routing (Co-DRAR) protocol for UWSNs. In the DRAR protocol, the network is divided into two equal regions where two sink nodes(SNs) are positioned at the upper region of the network and two SNs are placed at the mid-region of the network. The protocol chooses the relay node based on residual energy (RE), distance, and Bit Error Rate (BER). These parameters protect the data packets from corruption and also provide a stable path (where nodes remain active for longer periods and do not die quickly). The protocol uses a single link and may get worse sometimes while changing channel circumstances. To address this problem, a cooperative routing scheme is added to the DRAR protocol in order to develop its enhanced version known as the Co-DRAR protocol. The protocol works by allowing the destination to receive multiple copies of data packets in order to decide the quality of packets. The proposed protocols DRAR and Co-DRAR perform routing irrespective of the geographical position of sensor nodes conversely to some conventional routing protocols. This is why our proposed protocols perform better than the well-known protocol i.e. Depth base routing (DBR) in terms of EC, E2E, PDR, dead nodes, packet drop ratio, and number of alive nodes.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10286825/DRARCo-DRARrelay nodescooperationenergy efficiencyrouting protocol |
| spellingShingle | Sami Ullah Amjad Saleem Najmul Hassan Ghulam Muhammad Jungpil Shin Qurratul-Ain Minhas Muhammad Kamran Khan Reliable and Delay Aware Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks IEEE Access DRAR Co-DRAR relay nodes cooperation energy efficiency routing protocol |
| title | Reliable and Delay Aware Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_full | Reliable and Delay Aware Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_fullStr | Reliable and Delay Aware Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reliable and Delay Aware Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_short | Reliable and Delay Aware Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_sort | reliable and delay aware routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks |
| topic | DRAR Co-DRAR relay nodes cooperation energy efficiency routing protocol |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10286825/ |
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