Seasonal Change in Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of <i>Carissa macrocarpa</i> (Eckl.) A. DC. Leaf Extract
Genus <i>Carissa</i> represents several species that are reported to be of great phyto-medicinal and ethnopharmacological value. However, <i>Carissa macrocarpa</i> is relatively understudied. Furthermore, environmental conditions such as seasonal changes are known to affect t...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-08-01
|
| Series: | Horticulturae |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/8/9/780 |
| _version_ | 1797487628300320768 |
|---|---|
| author | Reshika Ramasar Yougasphree Naidoo Yaser Hassan Dewir Antar Nasr El-Banna |
| author_facet | Reshika Ramasar Yougasphree Naidoo Yaser Hassan Dewir Antar Nasr El-Banna |
| author_sort | Reshika Ramasar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Genus <i>Carissa</i> represents several species that are reported to be of great phyto-medicinal and ethnopharmacological value. However, <i>Carissa macrocarpa</i> is relatively understudied. Furthermore, environmental conditions such as seasonal changes are known to affect the phytochemical composition of medicinal plants. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and biological activity of the leaf extracts of <i>C. macrocarpa</i> in the summer and winter seasons. The phytochemical screening of <i>C. macrocarpa</i> leaves showed positive results for a variety of phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, tannins, phenols, naphthoquinones, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, proteins, carbohydrates, mucilage, gum and resin. The methanolic extract was evaluated for its antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> using the agar well diffusion method. The winter leaf extract was distinguished for its potential antibacterial activity against both bacterial strains with inhibition zones (mm) of 8.17 ± 1.04 and 6.83 ± 0.58 at 10 mg/mL. The antioxidant activity of the leaf extracts was evaluated using the 2, 2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The percentage scavenging activities of the different extracts were significantly greater than that of the control. Furthermore, at 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 µg/mL, the percentage scavenging activities of the winter methanol leaf extract were 74.65, 78.31, 85.45, 90.02 and 95.68%, and those of the summer one were 71.66, 73.57, 84.05, 88.22 and 96.28%, respectively, indicating that the methanol leaf extract had greater percentage scavenging activity in winter than in summer. In winter, the IC<sub>50</sub> value of the methanol leaf extract (0.67 µg/mL) was lower than that of ascorbic acid (8.26 µg/mL). It is concluded that winter is the optimal season to harvest leaves of <i>C. macrocarpa</i> for medicinal use. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that relates the phytochemical composition and medicinal properties of <i>C. macrocarpa</i> to changes in seasons. The results obtained are promising, and this species should be further explored to decipher its pharmacological worth. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:51:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3fc9825d93ae4d98a65b281eab559d54 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:51:26Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Horticulturae |
| spelling | doaj.art-3fc9825d93ae4d98a65b281eab559d542023-11-23T16:33:30ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242022-08-018978010.3390/horticulturae8090780Seasonal Change in Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of <i>Carissa macrocarpa</i> (Eckl.) A. DC. Leaf ExtractReshika Ramasar0Yougasphree Naidoo1Yaser Hassan Dewir2Antar Nasr El-Banna3School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South AfricaSchool of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South AfricaPlant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaFederal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Messeweg 11–12, 38104 Braunschweig, GermanyGenus <i>Carissa</i> represents several species that are reported to be of great phyto-medicinal and ethnopharmacological value. However, <i>Carissa macrocarpa</i> is relatively understudied. Furthermore, environmental conditions such as seasonal changes are known to affect the phytochemical composition of medicinal plants. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and biological activity of the leaf extracts of <i>C. macrocarpa</i> in the summer and winter seasons. The phytochemical screening of <i>C. macrocarpa</i> leaves showed positive results for a variety of phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, tannins, phenols, naphthoquinones, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, proteins, carbohydrates, mucilage, gum and resin. The methanolic extract was evaluated for its antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> using the agar well diffusion method. The winter leaf extract was distinguished for its potential antibacterial activity against both bacterial strains with inhibition zones (mm) of 8.17 ± 1.04 and 6.83 ± 0.58 at 10 mg/mL. The antioxidant activity of the leaf extracts was evaluated using the 2, 2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The percentage scavenging activities of the different extracts were significantly greater than that of the control. Furthermore, at 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 µg/mL, the percentage scavenging activities of the winter methanol leaf extract were 74.65, 78.31, 85.45, 90.02 and 95.68%, and those of the summer one were 71.66, 73.57, 84.05, 88.22 and 96.28%, respectively, indicating that the methanol leaf extract had greater percentage scavenging activity in winter than in summer. In winter, the IC<sub>50</sub> value of the methanol leaf extract (0.67 µg/mL) was lower than that of ascorbic acid (8.26 µg/mL). It is concluded that winter is the optimal season to harvest leaves of <i>C. macrocarpa</i> for medicinal use. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that relates the phytochemical composition and medicinal properties of <i>C. macrocarpa</i> to changes in seasons. The results obtained are promising, and this species should be further explored to decipher its pharmacological worth.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/8/9/780antibacterialantioxidantDPPH<i>Escherichia coli</i>phytochemicalseasonal change |
| spellingShingle | Reshika Ramasar Yougasphree Naidoo Yaser Hassan Dewir Antar Nasr El-Banna Seasonal Change in Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of <i>Carissa macrocarpa</i> (Eckl.) A. DC. Leaf Extract Horticulturae antibacterial antioxidant DPPH <i>Escherichia coli</i> phytochemical seasonal change |
| title | Seasonal Change in Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of <i>Carissa macrocarpa</i> (Eckl.) A. DC. Leaf Extract |
| title_full | Seasonal Change in Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of <i>Carissa macrocarpa</i> (Eckl.) A. DC. Leaf Extract |
| title_fullStr | Seasonal Change in Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of <i>Carissa macrocarpa</i> (Eckl.) A. DC. Leaf Extract |
| title_full_unstemmed | Seasonal Change in Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of <i>Carissa macrocarpa</i> (Eckl.) A. DC. Leaf Extract |
| title_short | Seasonal Change in Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of <i>Carissa macrocarpa</i> (Eckl.) A. DC. Leaf Extract |
| title_sort | seasonal change in phytochemical composition and biological activities of i carissa macrocarpa i eckl a dc leaf extract |
| topic | antibacterial antioxidant DPPH <i>Escherichia coli</i> phytochemical seasonal change |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/8/9/780 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT reshikaramasar seasonalchangeinphytochemicalcompositionandbiologicalactivitiesoficarissamacrocarpaieckladcleafextract AT yougasphreenaidoo seasonalchangeinphytochemicalcompositionandbiologicalactivitiesoficarissamacrocarpaieckladcleafextract AT yaserhassandewir seasonalchangeinphytochemicalcompositionandbiologicalactivitiesoficarissamacrocarpaieckladcleafextract AT antarnasrelbanna seasonalchangeinphytochemicalcompositionandbiologicalactivitiesoficarissamacrocarpaieckladcleafextract |