Sensory Evaluation of Common Ice Plant (<i>Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</i> L.) in Response to Sodium Chloride Concentration in Hydroponic Nutrient Solution
Common ice plant (<i>Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</i> L.) is a novel edible plant with a succulent and savory flavor. The plants display prominent epidermal bladder cells (EBCs) on the surface of the leaves that store water and sodium chloride (NaCl). The plants have high nutritional va...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/18/2790 |
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| author | Jiaqi Xia Neil Mattson Alina Stelick Robin Dando |
| author_facet | Jiaqi Xia Neil Mattson Alina Stelick Robin Dando |
| author_sort | Jiaqi Xia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Common ice plant (<i>Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</i> L.) is a novel edible plant with a succulent and savory flavor. The plants display prominent epidermal bladder cells (EBCs) on the surface of the leaves that store water and sodium chloride (NaCl). The plants have high nutritional value and are adapted to saline soils. Previous research has determined the impact of NaCl on the growth and mineral content of ice plant, but as NaCl has an impact on a food’s sensory properties, an interesting question is whether saline growth media can affect the plant’s taste and texture, and if this alters consumers’ sensory response to ice plant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensory aspects of ice plant, as well as consumer liking in response to increasing NaCl concentration in hydroponic nutrient solution. Four-week-old seedlings of ice plant were transplanted into deep water culture (DWC) hydroponic systems and treated with five NaCl concentrations (0 M [control], 0.05 M, 0.10 M, 0.20 M, and 0.40 M NaCl). Eight-week-old plants (after four weeks of NaCl treatment) were harvested, and the middle leaves of each plant were sampled for consumer testing. A total of 115 participants evaluated various flavor, texture, and appearance aspects of ice plant and provided their liking ratings. The consumers were able to discriminate differences in salt intensity from the plants based on NaCl treatment in the hydroponic nutrient solution. Low NaCl concentrations (0.05–0.10 M) did not have obvious adverse effect on consumer liking, which aligns with the result of previous research that 0.05–0.10 M NaCl could largely stimulate the growth of ice plant. NaCl concentrations higher than 0.20 M are not recommended from both a production and consumer perspective. With increased NaCl level in plant samples, the consumers detected more saltiness, sourness, and fishiness, less green flavor, and similar levels of bitterness and sweetness. NaCl treatment had no effects on leaf appearance and texture, and the consumers’ overall liking was mainly determined by flavor. Overall, ice plant presents some unique attributes (salty and juicy) compared to other edible salad greens; however, consumer awareness of ice plant is very low, and purchase intent is relatively low as well. Consumers picture ice plant being used mainly in salads and in restaurants. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:03:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3fd14a20650e40abb70e8ab7332990a1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:03:06Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-3fd14a20650e40abb70e8ab7332990a12023-11-23T16:13:14ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582022-09-011118279010.3390/foods11182790Sensory Evaluation of Common Ice Plant (<i>Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</i> L.) in Response to Sodium Chloride Concentration in Hydroponic Nutrient SolutionJiaqi Xia0Neil Mattson1Alina Stelick2Robin Dando3School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USASchool of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USADepartment of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USADepartment of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USACommon ice plant (<i>Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</i> L.) is a novel edible plant with a succulent and savory flavor. The plants display prominent epidermal bladder cells (EBCs) on the surface of the leaves that store water and sodium chloride (NaCl). The plants have high nutritional value and are adapted to saline soils. Previous research has determined the impact of NaCl on the growth and mineral content of ice plant, but as NaCl has an impact on a food’s sensory properties, an interesting question is whether saline growth media can affect the plant’s taste and texture, and if this alters consumers’ sensory response to ice plant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensory aspects of ice plant, as well as consumer liking in response to increasing NaCl concentration in hydroponic nutrient solution. Four-week-old seedlings of ice plant were transplanted into deep water culture (DWC) hydroponic systems and treated with five NaCl concentrations (0 M [control], 0.05 M, 0.10 M, 0.20 M, and 0.40 M NaCl). Eight-week-old plants (after four weeks of NaCl treatment) were harvested, and the middle leaves of each plant were sampled for consumer testing. A total of 115 participants evaluated various flavor, texture, and appearance aspects of ice plant and provided their liking ratings. The consumers were able to discriminate differences in salt intensity from the plants based on NaCl treatment in the hydroponic nutrient solution. Low NaCl concentrations (0.05–0.10 M) did not have obvious adverse effect on consumer liking, which aligns with the result of previous research that 0.05–0.10 M NaCl could largely stimulate the growth of ice plant. NaCl concentrations higher than 0.20 M are not recommended from both a production and consumer perspective. With increased NaCl level in plant samples, the consumers detected more saltiness, sourness, and fishiness, less green flavor, and similar levels of bitterness and sweetness. NaCl treatment had no effects on leaf appearance and texture, and the consumers’ overall liking was mainly determined by flavor. Overall, ice plant presents some unique attributes (salty and juicy) compared to other edible salad greens; however, consumer awareness of ice plant is very low, and purchase intent is relatively low as well. Consumers picture ice plant being used mainly in salads and in restaurants.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/18/2790common ice plantleafy greensodium chloridesensory evaluationhydroponicscontrolled environment agriculture (CEA) |
| spellingShingle | Jiaqi Xia Neil Mattson Alina Stelick Robin Dando Sensory Evaluation of Common Ice Plant (<i>Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</i> L.) in Response to Sodium Chloride Concentration in Hydroponic Nutrient Solution Foods common ice plant leafy green sodium chloride sensory evaluation hydroponics controlled environment agriculture (CEA) |
| title | Sensory Evaluation of Common Ice Plant (<i>Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</i> L.) in Response to Sodium Chloride Concentration in Hydroponic Nutrient Solution |
| title_full | Sensory Evaluation of Common Ice Plant (<i>Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</i> L.) in Response to Sodium Chloride Concentration in Hydroponic Nutrient Solution |
| title_fullStr | Sensory Evaluation of Common Ice Plant (<i>Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</i> L.) in Response to Sodium Chloride Concentration in Hydroponic Nutrient Solution |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sensory Evaluation of Common Ice Plant (<i>Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</i> L.) in Response to Sodium Chloride Concentration in Hydroponic Nutrient Solution |
| title_short | Sensory Evaluation of Common Ice Plant (<i>Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</i> L.) in Response to Sodium Chloride Concentration in Hydroponic Nutrient Solution |
| title_sort | sensory evaluation of common ice plant i mesembryanthemum crystallinum i l in response to sodium chloride concentration in hydroponic nutrient solution |
| topic | common ice plant leafy green sodium chloride sensory evaluation hydroponics controlled environment agriculture (CEA) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/18/2790 |
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