Near-infrared and Optical Observations of Type Ic SN 2021krf: Luminous Late-time Emission and Dust Formation
We present near-infrared (NIR) and optical observations of the Type Ic supernova (SN Ic) SN 2021krf obtained between days 13 and 259 at several ground-based telescopes. The NIR spectrum at day 68 exhibits a rising K -band continuum flux density longward of ∼2.0 μ m, and a late-time optical spectrum...
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2023-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/accddc |
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| author | Aravind P. Ravi Jeonghee Rho Sangwook Park Seong Hyun Park Sung-Chul Yoon T. R. Geballe Jozsef Vinkó Samaporn Tinyanont K. Azalee Bostroem Jamison Burke Daichi Hiramatsu D. Andrew Howell Curtis McCully Megan Newsome Estefania Padilla Gonzalez Craig Pellegrino Regis Cartier Tyler Pritchard Morten Andersen Sergey Blinnikov Yize Dong Peter Blanchard Charles D. Kilpatrick Peter Hoeflich Stefano Valenti Alexei V. Filippenko Nicholas B. Suntzeff Ji Yeon Seok R. Könyves-Tóth Ryan J. Foley Matthew R. Siebert David O. Jones |
| author_facet | Aravind P. Ravi Jeonghee Rho Sangwook Park Seong Hyun Park Sung-Chul Yoon T. R. Geballe Jozsef Vinkó Samaporn Tinyanont K. Azalee Bostroem Jamison Burke Daichi Hiramatsu D. Andrew Howell Curtis McCully Megan Newsome Estefania Padilla Gonzalez Craig Pellegrino Regis Cartier Tyler Pritchard Morten Andersen Sergey Blinnikov Yize Dong Peter Blanchard Charles D. Kilpatrick Peter Hoeflich Stefano Valenti Alexei V. Filippenko Nicholas B. Suntzeff Ji Yeon Seok R. Könyves-Tóth Ryan J. Foley Matthew R. Siebert David O. Jones |
| author_sort | Aravind P. Ravi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We present near-infrared (NIR) and optical observations of the Type Ic supernova (SN Ic) SN 2021krf obtained between days 13 and 259 at several ground-based telescopes. The NIR spectrum at day 68 exhibits a rising K -band continuum flux density longward of ∼2.0 μ m, and a late-time optical spectrum at day 259 shows strong [O i ] 6300 and 6364 Å emission-line asymmetry, both indicating the presence of dust, likely formed in the SN ejecta. We estimate a carbon-grain dust mass of ∼2 × 10 ^−5 M _⊙ and a dust temperature of ∼900–1200 K associated with this rising continuum and suggest the dust has formed in SN ejecta. Utilizing the one-dimensional multigroup radiation-hydrodynamics code STELLA, we present two degenerate progenitor solutions for SN 2021krf, characterized by C–O star masses of 3.93 and 5.74 M _⊙ , but with the same best-fit ^56 Ni mass of 0.11 M _⊙ for early times (0–70 days). At late times (70–300 days), optical light curves of SN 2021krf decline substantially more slowly than those expected from ^56 Co radioactive decay. Lack of H and He lines in the late-time SN spectrum suggests the absence of significant interaction of the ejecta with the circumstellar medium. We reproduce the entire bolometric light curve with a combination of radioactive decay and an additional powering source in the form of a central engine of a millisecond pulsar with a magnetic field smaller than that of a typical magnetar. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:19:00Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:19:00Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
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| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-3fdffd2e8ec947a2b9dd6a692a757a032023-09-03T14:03:47ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572023-01-0195011410.3847/1538-4357/accddcNear-infrared and Optical Observations of Type Ic SN 2021krf: Luminous Late-time Emission and Dust FormationAravind P. Ravi0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7352-7845Jeonghee Rho1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3643-839XSangwook Park2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3900-7739Seong Hyun Park3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7488-4337Sung-Chul Yoon4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5847-8096T. R. Geballe5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2824-3875Jozsef Vinkó6https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8764-7832Samaporn Tinyanont7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1481-4676K. Azalee Bostroem8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4924-444XJamison Burke9https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0035-6659Daichi Hiramatsu10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-9187D. Andrew Howell11https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4253-656XCurtis McCully12https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5807-7893Megan Newsome13Estefania Padilla Gonzalez14Craig Pellegrino15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7472-1279Regis Cartier16Tyler Pritchard17https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-8349Morten Andersen18https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5306-4089Sergey Blinnikov19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5726-538XYize Dong20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7937-6371Peter Blanchard21https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0526-2248Charles D. Kilpatrick22https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5740-7747Peter Hoeflich23https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4338-6586Stefano Valenti24https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8818-0795Alexei V. Filippenko25https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3460-0103Nicholas B. Suntzeff26https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8102-181XJi Yeon Seok27https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0070-3246R. Könyves-Tóth28Ryan J. Foley29https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-5275Matthew R. Siebert30https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2445-3891David O. Jones31https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6230-0151Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington , Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA ; aravind.pazhayathravi@mavs.uta.eduSETI Institute , 339 Bernardo Avenue, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USADepartment of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington , Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA ; aravind.pazhayathravi@mavs.uta.eduDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University , Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University , Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of KoreaGemini Observatory/NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , 670 N. Aohoku Place, Hilo, HI, 96720, USACSFK Konkoly Observatory , Konkoly-Thege M. ut 15-17, Budapest, 1121, Hungary; Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged , Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720 Hungary; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University , Institute of Physics, Pázmany Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, HungaryDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USASteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USALas Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, Broida Hall, Mail Code 9520, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USA; The NSF AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions, MIT , Cambridge, MA 02139, USALas Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, Broida Hall, Mail Code 9520, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USALas Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USALas Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, Broida Hall, Mail Code 9520, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USALas Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, Broida Hall, Mail Code 9520, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USALas Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, Broida Hall, Mail Code 9520, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USAGemini Observatory, NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , Casilla 603, La Serena, ChileCenter for Cosmology and Particle Physics, New York University , 726 Broadway, NY, NY 11201, USAGemini Observatory, NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile; European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, D-85748 Garching bei München, GermanyNRC Kurchatov Institute , Moscow, 123182; Sternberg Astronomical Institute (SAI) of Lomonosov, MSU , Moscow, 119234; Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics (VNIIA) , Moscow 127055, RussiaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USACenter for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , 1800 Sherman Avenue, 8th Floor, Evanston, IL 60201, USACenter for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , 1800 Sherman Avenue, 8th Floor, Evanston, IL 60201, USADepartment of Physics, Florida State University , 77 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USAGeorge P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843, USAKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon, 305-348, Republic of KoreaCSFK Konkoly Observatory , Konkoly-Thege M. ut 15-17, Budapest, 1121, Hungary; Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Szeged , Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720 Hungary; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University , Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szombathely, HungaryDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USASpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USAGemini Observatory/NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , 670 N. Aohoku Place, Hilo, HI, 96720, USAWe present near-infrared (NIR) and optical observations of the Type Ic supernova (SN Ic) SN 2021krf obtained between days 13 and 259 at several ground-based telescopes. The NIR spectrum at day 68 exhibits a rising K -band continuum flux density longward of ∼2.0 μ m, and a late-time optical spectrum at day 259 shows strong [O i ] 6300 and 6364 Å emission-line asymmetry, both indicating the presence of dust, likely formed in the SN ejecta. We estimate a carbon-grain dust mass of ∼2 × 10 ^−5 M _⊙ and a dust temperature of ∼900–1200 K associated with this rising continuum and suggest the dust has formed in SN ejecta. Utilizing the one-dimensional multigroup radiation-hydrodynamics code STELLA, we present two degenerate progenitor solutions for SN 2021krf, characterized by C–O star masses of 3.93 and 5.74 M _⊙ , but with the same best-fit ^56 Ni mass of 0.11 M _⊙ for early times (0–70 days). At late times (70–300 days), optical light curves of SN 2021krf decline substantially more slowly than those expected from ^56 Co radioactive decay. Lack of H and He lines in the late-time SN spectrum suggests the absence of significant interaction of the ejecta with the circumstellar medium. We reproduce the entire bolometric light curve with a combination of radioactive decay and an additional powering source in the form of a central engine of a millisecond pulsar with a magnetic field smaller than that of a typical magnetar.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/accddcSupernovaeCore-collapse supernovaeExplosive nucleosynthesisType Ic supernovae |
| spellingShingle | Aravind P. Ravi Jeonghee Rho Sangwook Park Seong Hyun Park Sung-Chul Yoon T. R. Geballe Jozsef Vinkó Samaporn Tinyanont K. Azalee Bostroem Jamison Burke Daichi Hiramatsu D. Andrew Howell Curtis McCully Megan Newsome Estefania Padilla Gonzalez Craig Pellegrino Regis Cartier Tyler Pritchard Morten Andersen Sergey Blinnikov Yize Dong Peter Blanchard Charles D. Kilpatrick Peter Hoeflich Stefano Valenti Alexei V. Filippenko Nicholas B. Suntzeff Ji Yeon Seok R. Könyves-Tóth Ryan J. Foley Matthew R. Siebert David O. Jones Near-infrared and Optical Observations of Type Ic SN 2021krf: Luminous Late-time Emission and Dust Formation The Astrophysical Journal Supernovae Core-collapse supernovae Explosive nucleosynthesis Type Ic supernovae |
| title | Near-infrared and Optical Observations of Type Ic SN 2021krf: Luminous Late-time Emission and Dust Formation |
| title_full | Near-infrared and Optical Observations of Type Ic SN 2021krf: Luminous Late-time Emission and Dust Formation |
| title_fullStr | Near-infrared and Optical Observations of Type Ic SN 2021krf: Luminous Late-time Emission and Dust Formation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Near-infrared and Optical Observations of Type Ic SN 2021krf: Luminous Late-time Emission and Dust Formation |
| title_short | Near-infrared and Optical Observations of Type Ic SN 2021krf: Luminous Late-time Emission and Dust Formation |
| title_sort | near infrared and optical observations of type ic sn 2021krf luminous late time emission and dust formation |
| topic | Supernovae Core-collapse supernovae Explosive nucleosynthesis Type Ic supernovae |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/accddc |
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