Immune Cytolytic Activity and Strategies for Therapeutic Treatment
Intratumoral immune cytolytic activity (CYT), calculated as the geometric mean of granzyme-A (GZMA) and perforin-1 (PRF1) expression, has emerged as a critical factor in cancer immunotherapy, with significant implications for patient prognosis and treatment outcomes. Immune checkpoint pathways, the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/7/3624 |
| _version_ | 1797212559203368960 |
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| author | Stephanie Agioti Apostolos Zaravinos |
| author_facet | Stephanie Agioti Apostolos Zaravinos |
| author_sort | Stephanie Agioti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Intratumoral immune cytolytic activity (CYT), calculated as the geometric mean of granzyme-A (GZMA) and perforin-1 (PRF1) expression, has emerged as a critical factor in cancer immunotherapy, with significant implications for patient prognosis and treatment outcomes. Immune checkpoint pathways, the composition of the tumor microenvironment (TME), antigen presentation, and metabolic pathways regulate CYT. Here, we describe the various methods with which we can assess CYT. The detection and analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) using flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry provide important information about immune cell populations within the TME. Gene expression profiling and spatial analysis techniques, such as multiplex immunofluorescence and imaging mass cytometry allow the study of CYT in the context of the TME. We discuss the significant clinical implications that CYT has, as its increased levels are associated with positive clinical outcomes and a favorable prognosis. Moreover, CYT can be used as a prognostic biomarker and aid in patient stratification. Altering CYT through the different methods targeting it, offers promising paths for improving treatment responses. Overall, understanding and modulating CYT is critical for improving cancer immunotherapy. Research into CYT and the factors that influence it has the potential to transform cancer treatment and improve patient outcomes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:44:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3fe78b38ed3a48d58c87035d26343df9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:44:18Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-3fe78b38ed3a48d58c87035d26343df92024-04-12T13:19:17ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672024-03-01257362410.3390/ijms25073624Immune Cytolytic Activity and Strategies for Therapeutic TreatmentStephanie Agioti0Apostolos Zaravinos1Cancer Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Basic and Translational Cancer Research Center (BTCRC), 1516 Nicosia, CyprusCancer Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Basic and Translational Cancer Research Center (BTCRC), 1516 Nicosia, CyprusIntratumoral immune cytolytic activity (CYT), calculated as the geometric mean of granzyme-A (GZMA) and perforin-1 (PRF1) expression, has emerged as a critical factor in cancer immunotherapy, with significant implications for patient prognosis and treatment outcomes. Immune checkpoint pathways, the composition of the tumor microenvironment (TME), antigen presentation, and metabolic pathways regulate CYT. Here, we describe the various methods with which we can assess CYT. The detection and analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) using flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry provide important information about immune cell populations within the TME. Gene expression profiling and spatial analysis techniques, such as multiplex immunofluorescence and imaging mass cytometry allow the study of CYT in the context of the TME. We discuss the significant clinical implications that CYT has, as its increased levels are associated with positive clinical outcomes and a favorable prognosis. Moreover, CYT can be used as a prognostic biomarker and aid in patient stratification. Altering CYT through the different methods targeting it, offers promising paths for improving treatment responses. Overall, understanding and modulating CYT is critical for improving cancer immunotherapy. Research into CYT and the factors that influence it has the potential to transform cancer treatment and improve patient outcomes.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/7/3624cytolytic activitytumor-infiltrating lymphocytesgene expression profilingspatial analysis techniquesimmune checkpoint pathwaystumor microenvironment |
| spellingShingle | Stephanie Agioti Apostolos Zaravinos Immune Cytolytic Activity and Strategies for Therapeutic Treatment International Journal of Molecular Sciences cytolytic activity tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes gene expression profiling spatial analysis techniques immune checkpoint pathways tumor microenvironment |
| title | Immune Cytolytic Activity and Strategies for Therapeutic Treatment |
| title_full | Immune Cytolytic Activity and Strategies for Therapeutic Treatment |
| title_fullStr | Immune Cytolytic Activity and Strategies for Therapeutic Treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immune Cytolytic Activity and Strategies for Therapeutic Treatment |
| title_short | Immune Cytolytic Activity and Strategies for Therapeutic Treatment |
| title_sort | immune cytolytic activity and strategies for therapeutic treatment |
| topic | cytolytic activity tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes gene expression profiling spatial analysis techniques immune checkpoint pathways tumor microenvironment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/7/3624 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT stephanieagioti immunecytolyticactivityandstrategiesfortherapeutictreatment AT apostoloszaravinos immunecytolyticactivityandstrategiesfortherapeutictreatment |