<i>Punica granatum</i> Peel and Leaf Extracts as Promising Strategies for HSV-1 Treatment
<i>Punica granatum</i> is a rich source of bioactive compounds which exhibit various biological effects. In this study, pomegranate peel and leaf ethanolic crude extracts (PPE and PLE, respectively) were phytochemically characterized and screened for antioxidant, antimicrobial and antivi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/12/2639 |
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| author | Asma EL-Aguel Rosamaria Pennisi Antonella Smeriglio Imen Kallel Maria Pia Tamburello Manuela D’Arrigo Davide Barreca Ahmed Gargouri Domenico Trombetta Giuseppina Mandalari Maria Teresa Sciortino |
| author_facet | Asma EL-Aguel Rosamaria Pennisi Antonella Smeriglio Imen Kallel Maria Pia Tamburello Manuela D’Arrigo Davide Barreca Ahmed Gargouri Domenico Trombetta Giuseppina Mandalari Maria Teresa Sciortino |
| author_sort | Asma EL-Aguel |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Punica granatum</i> is a rich source of bioactive compounds which exhibit various biological effects. In this study, pomegranate peel and leaf ethanolic crude extracts (PPE and PLE, respectively) were phytochemically characterized and screened for antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiviral activity. LC-PDA-ESI-MS analysis led to the identification of different compounds, including ellagitannins, flavonoids and phenolic acids. The low IC<sub>50</sub> values, obtained by DPPH and FRAP assays, showed a noticeable antioxidant effect of PPE and PLE comparable to the reference standards. Both crude extracts and their main compounds (gallic acid, ellagic acid and punicalagin) were not toxic on Vero cells and exhibited a remarkable inhibitory effect on herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) viral plaques formation. Specifically, PPE inhibited HSV-1 adsorption to the cell surface more than PLE. Indeed, the viral DNA accumulation, the transcription of viral genes and the expression of viral proteins were significantly affected by PPE treatment. Amongst the compounds, punicalagin, which is abundant in PPE crude extract, inhibited HSV-1 replication, reducing viral DNA and transcripts accumulation, as well as proteins of all three phases of the viral replication cascade. In contrast, no antibacterial activity was detected. In conclusion, our findings indicate that <i>Punica granatum</i> peel and leaf extracts, especially punicalagin, could be a promising therapeutic candidate against HSV-1. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:44:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3fee89dc3efd4a6cbf8663b293c3deee |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:44:36Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-3fee89dc3efd4a6cbf8663b293c3deee2023-11-24T18:37:00ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152022-11-011412263910.3390/v14122639<i>Punica granatum</i> Peel and Leaf Extracts as Promising Strategies for HSV-1 TreatmentAsma EL-Aguel0Rosamaria Pennisi1Antonella Smeriglio2Imen Kallel3Maria Pia Tamburello4Manuela D’Arrigo5Davide Barreca6Ahmed Gargouri7Domenico Trombetta8Giuseppina Mandalari9Maria Teresa Sciortino10Research Laboratory Toxicology-Environmental Microbiology and Health (LR17ES06), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, P.O. Box 1171, Sfax 3000, TunisiaDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyResearch Laboratory Toxicology-Environmental Microbiology and Health (LR17ES06), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, P.O. Box 1171, Sfax 3000, TunisiaDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyResearch Laboratory Toxicology-Environmental Microbiology and Health (LR17ES06), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, P.O. Box 1171, Sfax 3000, TunisiaDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy<i>Punica granatum</i> is a rich source of bioactive compounds which exhibit various biological effects. In this study, pomegranate peel and leaf ethanolic crude extracts (PPE and PLE, respectively) were phytochemically characterized and screened for antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiviral activity. LC-PDA-ESI-MS analysis led to the identification of different compounds, including ellagitannins, flavonoids and phenolic acids. The low IC<sub>50</sub> values, obtained by DPPH and FRAP assays, showed a noticeable antioxidant effect of PPE and PLE comparable to the reference standards. Both crude extracts and their main compounds (gallic acid, ellagic acid and punicalagin) were not toxic on Vero cells and exhibited a remarkable inhibitory effect on herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) viral plaques formation. Specifically, PPE inhibited HSV-1 adsorption to the cell surface more than PLE. Indeed, the viral DNA accumulation, the transcription of viral genes and the expression of viral proteins were significantly affected by PPE treatment. Amongst the compounds, punicalagin, which is abundant in PPE crude extract, inhibited HSV-1 replication, reducing viral DNA and transcripts accumulation, as well as proteins of all three phases of the viral replication cascade. In contrast, no antibacterial activity was detected. In conclusion, our findings indicate that <i>Punica granatum</i> peel and leaf extracts, especially punicalagin, could be a promising therapeutic candidate against HSV-1.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/12/2639<i>Punica granatum</i> L.LC-PDA-ESI-MS analysisantioxidant activityantimicrobial activityantiviral activityherpes simplex virus-1 |
| spellingShingle | Asma EL-Aguel Rosamaria Pennisi Antonella Smeriglio Imen Kallel Maria Pia Tamburello Manuela D’Arrigo Davide Barreca Ahmed Gargouri Domenico Trombetta Giuseppina Mandalari Maria Teresa Sciortino <i>Punica granatum</i> Peel and Leaf Extracts as Promising Strategies for HSV-1 Treatment Viruses <i>Punica granatum</i> L. LC-PDA-ESI-MS analysis antioxidant activity antimicrobial activity antiviral activity herpes simplex virus-1 |
| title | <i>Punica granatum</i> Peel and Leaf Extracts as Promising Strategies for HSV-1 Treatment |
| title_full | <i>Punica granatum</i> Peel and Leaf Extracts as Promising Strategies for HSV-1 Treatment |
| title_fullStr | <i>Punica granatum</i> Peel and Leaf Extracts as Promising Strategies for HSV-1 Treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Punica granatum</i> Peel and Leaf Extracts as Promising Strategies for HSV-1 Treatment |
| title_short | <i>Punica granatum</i> Peel and Leaf Extracts as Promising Strategies for HSV-1 Treatment |
| title_sort | i punica granatum i peel and leaf extracts as promising strategies for hsv 1 treatment |
| topic | <i>Punica granatum</i> L. LC-PDA-ESI-MS analysis antioxidant activity antimicrobial activity antiviral activity herpes simplex virus-1 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/12/2639 |
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