High Levels of the Cleaved Form of Galectin-9 and Osteopontin in the Plasma Are Associated with Inflammatory Markers That Reflect the Severity of COVID-19 Pneumonia
Numbers of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have increased rapidly worldwide. Plasma levels of full-length galectin-9 (FL-Gal9) and osteopontin (FL-OPN) as well as their truncated forms (Tr-Gal9, Ud-OPN, respectively), are representative inflammatory biomarkers. Here, we measured FL...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/9/4978 |
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| author | Gaowa Bai Daisuke Furushima Toshiro Niki Takashi Matsuba Yosuke Maeda Atsushi Takahashi Toshio Hattori Yugo Ashino |
| author_facet | Gaowa Bai Daisuke Furushima Toshiro Niki Takashi Matsuba Yosuke Maeda Atsushi Takahashi Toshio Hattori Yugo Ashino |
| author_sort | Gaowa Bai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Numbers of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have increased rapidly worldwide. Plasma levels of full-length galectin-9 (FL-Gal9) and osteopontin (FL-OPN) as well as their truncated forms (Tr-Gal9, Ud-OPN, respectively), are representative inflammatory biomarkers. Here, we measured FL-Gal9, FL-OPN, Tr-Gal9, and Ud-OPN in 94 plasma samples obtained from 23 COVID-19-infected patients with mild clinical symptoms (CV), 25 COVID-19 patients associated with pneumonia (CP), and 14 patients with bacterial infection (ID). The four proteins were significantly elevated in the CP group when compared with healthy individuals. ROC analysis between the CV and CP groups showed that C-reactive protein had the highest ability to differentiate, followed by Tr-Gal9 and ferritin. Spearman’s correlation analysis showed that Tr-Gal9 and Ud-OPN but not FL-Gal9 and FL-OPN, had a significant association with laboratory markers for lung function, inflammation, coagulopathy, and kidney function in CP patients. CP patients treated with tocilizumab had reduced levels of FL-Gal9, Tr-Gal9, and Ud-OPN. It was suggested that OPN is cleaved by interleukin-6-dependent proteases. These findings suggest that the cleaved forms of OPN and galectin-9 can be used to monitor the severity of pathological inflammation and the therapeutic effects of tocilizumab in CP patients. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:38:24Z |
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| id | doaj.art-401714f0af0d447daf3e7b5c64103223 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:38:24Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-401714f0af0d447daf3e7b5c641032232023-11-21T18:41:02ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-05-01229497810.3390/ijms22094978High Levels of the Cleaved Form of Galectin-9 and Osteopontin in the Plasma Are Associated with Inflammatory Markers That Reflect the Severity of COVID-19 PneumoniaGaowa Bai0Daisuke Furushima1Toshiro Niki2Takashi Matsuba3Yosuke Maeda4Atsushi Takahashi5Toshio Hattori6Yugo Ashino7Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, JapanDepartment of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, JapanDepartment of Immunology, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, JapanDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori 683-8503, JapanViral Section, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, JapanResearch Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, JapanResearch Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, JapanDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Sendai City Hospital, Miyagi 982-8502, JapanNumbers of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have increased rapidly worldwide. Plasma levels of full-length galectin-9 (FL-Gal9) and osteopontin (FL-OPN) as well as their truncated forms (Tr-Gal9, Ud-OPN, respectively), are representative inflammatory biomarkers. Here, we measured FL-Gal9, FL-OPN, Tr-Gal9, and Ud-OPN in 94 plasma samples obtained from 23 COVID-19-infected patients with mild clinical symptoms (CV), 25 COVID-19 patients associated with pneumonia (CP), and 14 patients with bacterial infection (ID). The four proteins were significantly elevated in the CP group when compared with healthy individuals. ROC analysis between the CV and CP groups showed that C-reactive protein had the highest ability to differentiate, followed by Tr-Gal9 and ferritin. Spearman’s correlation analysis showed that Tr-Gal9 and Ud-OPN but not FL-Gal9 and FL-OPN, had a significant association with laboratory markers for lung function, inflammation, coagulopathy, and kidney function in CP patients. CP patients treated with tocilizumab had reduced levels of FL-Gal9, Tr-Gal9, and Ud-OPN. It was suggested that OPN is cleaved by interleukin-6-dependent proteases. These findings suggest that the cleaved forms of OPN and galectin-9 can be used to monitor the severity of pathological inflammation and the therapeutic effects of tocilizumab in CP patients.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/9/4978COVID-19COVID pneumoniainfectious diseasesfull-length galectin-9truncated galectin-9full-length osteopontin |
| spellingShingle | Gaowa Bai Daisuke Furushima Toshiro Niki Takashi Matsuba Yosuke Maeda Atsushi Takahashi Toshio Hattori Yugo Ashino High Levels of the Cleaved Form of Galectin-9 and Osteopontin in the Plasma Are Associated with Inflammatory Markers That Reflect the Severity of COVID-19 Pneumonia International Journal of Molecular Sciences COVID-19 COVID pneumonia infectious diseases full-length galectin-9 truncated galectin-9 full-length osteopontin |
| title | High Levels of the Cleaved Form of Galectin-9 and Osteopontin in the Plasma Are Associated with Inflammatory Markers That Reflect the Severity of COVID-19 Pneumonia |
| title_full | High Levels of the Cleaved Form of Galectin-9 and Osteopontin in the Plasma Are Associated with Inflammatory Markers That Reflect the Severity of COVID-19 Pneumonia |
| title_fullStr | High Levels of the Cleaved Form of Galectin-9 and Osteopontin in the Plasma Are Associated with Inflammatory Markers That Reflect the Severity of COVID-19 Pneumonia |
| title_full_unstemmed | High Levels of the Cleaved Form of Galectin-9 and Osteopontin in the Plasma Are Associated with Inflammatory Markers That Reflect the Severity of COVID-19 Pneumonia |
| title_short | High Levels of the Cleaved Form of Galectin-9 and Osteopontin in the Plasma Are Associated with Inflammatory Markers That Reflect the Severity of COVID-19 Pneumonia |
| title_sort | high levels of the cleaved form of galectin 9 and osteopontin in the plasma are associated with inflammatory markers that reflect the severity of covid 19 pneumonia |
| topic | COVID-19 COVID pneumonia infectious diseases full-length galectin-9 truncated galectin-9 full-length osteopontin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/9/4978 |
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