The Importance of Free Fatty Chain Length on the Lipid Organization in the Long Periodicity Phase
The skin’s barrier ability is an essential function for terrestrial survival, which is controlled by intercellular lipids within the stratum corneum (SC) layer. In this barrier, free fatty acids (FFAs) are an important lipid class. As seen in inflammatory skin diseases, when the lipid chain length i...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3679 |
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| author | Charlotte M. Beddoes Denise E. Rensen Gert S. Gooris Marc Malfois Joke A. Bouwstra |
| author_facet | Charlotte M. Beddoes Denise E. Rensen Gert S. Gooris Marc Malfois Joke A. Bouwstra |
| author_sort | Charlotte M. Beddoes |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The skin’s barrier ability is an essential function for terrestrial survival, which is controlled by intercellular lipids within the stratum corneum (SC) layer. In this barrier, free fatty acids (FFAs) are an important lipid class. As seen in inflammatory skin diseases, when the lipid chain length is reduced, a reduction in the barrier’s performance is observed. In this study, we have investigated the contributing effects of various FFA chain lengths on the lamellar phase, lateral packing. The repeat distance of the lamellar phase increased with FFA chain length (C20–C28), while shorter FFAs (C16 to C18) had the opposite behaviour. While the lateral packing was affected, the orthorhombic to hexagonal to fluid phase transitions were not affected by the FFA chain length. Porcine SC lipid composition mimicking model was then used to investigate the proportional effect of shorter FFA C16, up to 50% content of the total FFA mixture. At this level, no difference in the overall lamellar phases and lateral packing was observed, while a significant increase in the water permeability was detected. Our results demonstrate a FFA C16 threshold that must be exceeded before the structure and barrier function of the long periodicity phase (LPP) is affected. These results are important to understand the lipid behaviour in this unique LPP structure as well as for the understanding, treatment, and development of inflammatory skin conditions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:40:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-401b5c7408934b5db69780c8541a5d17 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:40:27Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-401b5c7408934b5db69780c8541a5d172023-11-21T13:53:59ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-04-01227367910.3390/ijms22073679The Importance of Free Fatty Chain Length on the Lipid Organization in the Long Periodicity PhaseCharlotte M. Beddoes0Denise E. Rensen1Gert S. Gooris2Marc Malfois3Joke A. Bouwstra4Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, University of Leiden, 2311 EZ Leiden, The NetherlandsDivision of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, University of Leiden, 2311 EZ Leiden, The NetherlandsDivision of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, University of Leiden, 2311 EZ Leiden, The NetherlandsALBA Synchrotron, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, SpainDivision of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, University of Leiden, 2311 EZ Leiden, The NetherlandsThe skin’s barrier ability is an essential function for terrestrial survival, which is controlled by intercellular lipids within the stratum corneum (SC) layer. In this barrier, free fatty acids (FFAs) are an important lipid class. As seen in inflammatory skin diseases, when the lipid chain length is reduced, a reduction in the barrier’s performance is observed. In this study, we have investigated the contributing effects of various FFA chain lengths on the lamellar phase, lateral packing. The repeat distance of the lamellar phase increased with FFA chain length (C20–C28), while shorter FFAs (C16 to C18) had the opposite behaviour. While the lateral packing was affected, the orthorhombic to hexagonal to fluid phase transitions were not affected by the FFA chain length. Porcine SC lipid composition mimicking model was then used to investigate the proportional effect of shorter FFA C16, up to 50% content of the total FFA mixture. At this level, no difference in the overall lamellar phases and lateral packing was observed, while a significant increase in the water permeability was detected. Our results demonstrate a FFA C16 threshold that must be exceeded before the structure and barrier function of the long periodicity phase (LPP) is affected. These results are important to understand the lipid behaviour in this unique LPP structure as well as for the understanding, treatment, and development of inflammatory skin conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3679skinstratum corneumlipidschain lengthX-ray scatteringspectroscopy |
| spellingShingle | Charlotte M. Beddoes Denise E. Rensen Gert S. Gooris Marc Malfois Joke A. Bouwstra The Importance of Free Fatty Chain Length on the Lipid Organization in the Long Periodicity Phase International Journal of Molecular Sciences skin stratum corneum lipids chain length X-ray scattering spectroscopy |
| title | The Importance of Free Fatty Chain Length on the Lipid Organization in the Long Periodicity Phase |
| title_full | The Importance of Free Fatty Chain Length on the Lipid Organization in the Long Periodicity Phase |
| title_fullStr | The Importance of Free Fatty Chain Length on the Lipid Organization in the Long Periodicity Phase |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Importance of Free Fatty Chain Length on the Lipid Organization in the Long Periodicity Phase |
| title_short | The Importance of Free Fatty Chain Length on the Lipid Organization in the Long Periodicity Phase |
| title_sort | importance of free fatty chain length on the lipid organization in the long periodicity phase |
| topic | skin stratum corneum lipids chain length X-ray scattering spectroscopy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3679 |
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