Lead and Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Fresh Cow’s Milk in an Intermediate Area of the Central Andes of Peru and Risk to Human Health
The dairy basin of the Mantaro River located in the centre of Peru faces serious anthropogenic disturbances as it receives emissions and discharges from the metallurgical mining activity located in the headwaters of the basin and milk contaminated with lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) endangers the enviro...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/6/317 |
| _version_ | 1797481820408774656 |
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| author | Doris Chirinos-Peinado Jorge Castro-Bedriñana Elva Ríos-Ríos Gloria Mamani-Gamarra Elías Quijada-Caro Analí Huacho-Jurado Wilfredo Nuñez-Rojas |
| author_facet | Doris Chirinos-Peinado Jorge Castro-Bedriñana Elva Ríos-Ríos Gloria Mamani-Gamarra Elías Quijada-Caro Analí Huacho-Jurado Wilfredo Nuñez-Rojas |
| author_sort | Doris Chirinos-Peinado |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The dairy basin of the Mantaro River located in the centre of Peru faces serious anthropogenic disturbances as it receives emissions and discharges from the metallurgical mining activity located in the headwaters of the basin and milk contaminated with lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) endangers the environmental and human health, especially children. To measure the concentrations of Pb and Cd in milk and the dangers of their consumption in the Peruvian population, 40 milk samples were collected and quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean concentration of Pb in milk was 15 ± 2.6 µg/kg, which represented 75% of the Maximum Limit (ML), and that of Cd was 505 ± 123 µg/kg, which exceeded the ML by more than 194 times. The estimated weekly intake of Pb for people aged 2–85 years was below the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) references, determining risk coefficients (CRD) < 1. Weekly Cd intake was much higher than the PTWIs and CRDs were between 14 and 34, indicating that consumers would experience carcinogenic health effects, with children being at higher risk than adults, therefore, milk from the area is not safe for consumption. Cd would be transferred mainly through the soil (water)-grass-milk pathway, due to its presence in irrigation water and in fertilizers that contain Cd. The main pathway for Pb entry would be air-soil (water)-milk grass, from the fine particles emitted into the air by the mining-metallurgical activity, developed approximately 90 km from the study area. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:20:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-403985d77bfb43c8ba88169c76a4a2ba |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:20:00Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-403985d77bfb43c8ba88169c76a4a2ba2023-11-23T19:16:14ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042022-06-0110631710.3390/toxics10060317Lead and Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Fresh Cow’s Milk in an Intermediate Area of the Central Andes of Peru and Risk to Human HealthDoris Chirinos-Peinado0Jorge Castro-Bedriñana1Elva Ríos-Ríos2Gloria Mamani-Gamarra3Elías Quijada-Caro4Analí Huacho-Jurado5Wilfredo Nuñez-Rojas6Food and Nutritional Security Research Centre, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo 12006, PeruFood and Nutritional Security Research Centre, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo 12006, PeruFaculty of Science, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima 15024, PeruMinistry of Production, Lima 15036, PeruFaculty of Zootechnics, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo 12006, PeruFaculty of Zootechnics, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo 12006, PeruSpecialized Research Institute, Faculty of Zootechnics, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo 12006, PeruThe dairy basin of the Mantaro River located in the centre of Peru faces serious anthropogenic disturbances as it receives emissions and discharges from the metallurgical mining activity located in the headwaters of the basin and milk contaminated with lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) endangers the environmental and human health, especially children. To measure the concentrations of Pb and Cd in milk and the dangers of their consumption in the Peruvian population, 40 milk samples were collected and quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean concentration of Pb in milk was 15 ± 2.6 µg/kg, which represented 75% of the Maximum Limit (ML), and that of Cd was 505 ± 123 µg/kg, which exceeded the ML by more than 194 times. The estimated weekly intake of Pb for people aged 2–85 years was below the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) references, determining risk coefficients (CRD) < 1. Weekly Cd intake was much higher than the PTWIs and CRDs were between 14 and 34, indicating that consumers would experience carcinogenic health effects, with children being at higher risk than adults, therefore, milk from the area is not safe for consumption. Cd would be transferred mainly through the soil (water)-grass-milk pathway, due to its presence in irrigation water and in fertilizers that contain Cd. The main pathway for Pb entry would be air-soil (water)-milk grass, from the fine particles emitted into the air by the mining-metallurgical activity, developed approximately 90 km from the study area.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/6/317cadmiumleaddietary exposuredietary risktarget hazard quotienthazard index |
| spellingShingle | Doris Chirinos-Peinado Jorge Castro-Bedriñana Elva Ríos-Ríos Gloria Mamani-Gamarra Elías Quijada-Caro Analí Huacho-Jurado Wilfredo Nuñez-Rojas Lead and Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Fresh Cow’s Milk in an Intermediate Area of the Central Andes of Peru and Risk to Human Health Toxics cadmium lead dietary exposure dietary risk target hazard quotient hazard index |
| title | Lead and Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Fresh Cow’s Milk in an Intermediate Area of the Central Andes of Peru and Risk to Human Health |
| title_full | Lead and Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Fresh Cow’s Milk in an Intermediate Area of the Central Andes of Peru and Risk to Human Health |
| title_fullStr | Lead and Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Fresh Cow’s Milk in an Intermediate Area of the Central Andes of Peru and Risk to Human Health |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lead and Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Fresh Cow’s Milk in an Intermediate Area of the Central Andes of Peru and Risk to Human Health |
| title_short | Lead and Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Fresh Cow’s Milk in an Intermediate Area of the Central Andes of Peru and Risk to Human Health |
| title_sort | lead and cadmium bioaccumulation in fresh cow s milk in an intermediate area of the central andes of peru and risk to human health |
| topic | cadmium lead dietary exposure dietary risk target hazard quotient hazard index |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/6/317 |
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