Cost effectiveness of malaria vector control activities in Sudan
Abstract Background Malaria vector control activities in Sudan rely largely on Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs), Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) and Larval Source Management (LSM). The present study attempted to determine cost effectiveness of inputs and operations of vector control interventions...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Malaria Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-024-04900-7 |
| _version_ | 1827316168068694016 |
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| author | Sami M. HasapAla Rasha S. Azrag Osama M. Awad |
| author_facet | Sami M. HasapAla Rasha S. Azrag Osama M. Awad |
| author_sort | Sami M. HasapAla |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Malaria vector control activities in Sudan rely largely on Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs), Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) and Larval Source Management (LSM). The present study attempted to determine cost effectiveness of inputs and operations of vector control interventions applied in different environmental settings in central and eastern Sudan, as well as their impact. Methods The inputs utilized and cost of each vector control activity, operational achievements and impact of the applied malaria vector control activities; IRS, LLINs and LSM were determined for eight sites in Al Gazira state (central Sudan) and Al Gadarif state (eastern Sudan). Operational costs were obtained from data of the National Malaria Control Program in 2017. Impact was measured using entomological indicators for Anopheles mosquitoes. Results The total cost per person per year was $1.6, $0.85, and $0.32 for IRS, LLINs and LSM, respectively. Coverage of vector control operations was 97%, 95.2% and 25–50% in IRS, LLINs and LSM, respectively. Vectorial capacity of malaria vectors showed statistically significant variations (P < 0.034) and ranged 0.294–0.65 in areas implemented LSM in comparison to 0.097–0.248 in areas applied IRS and LLINs, respectively. Both indoor and outdoor biting Anopheles mosquitoes showed noticeable increase that reached 3–12 folds in areas implemented LSM in comparison to areas implemented IRS and LLINs. Annual malaria prevalence was 13.1–21.1% in areas implemented LSM in comparison to 3.20%, 4.77% in areas implemented IRS and LLINs, respectively. Conclusion IRS and LLINs are cost effective control measures due to adequate inputs and organized process. However, the unit cost of LSM intervention per outcome and subsequently the impact is hugely affected by the low coverage. The very weak support for implementation of LSM which includes inputs resulted in weakness of its process and consequently its impact. Implementation of LSM by local government in urban settings is challenged by many factors the most important are maintenance of adequate stable level of funding, un-adequate number of well trained health workers, unstable political and administrative conditions and weak infrastructure. These challenges are critical for proper implementation of LSM and control of malaria in urban settings in Sudan. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T23:10:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4042f41ac4cd4d4a9ced25f33ef3fc15 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1475-2875 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T23:10:13Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Malaria Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-4042f41ac4cd4d4a9ced25f33ef3fc152024-03-17T12:16:10ZengBMCMalaria Journal1475-28752024-03-0123111010.1186/s12936-024-04900-7Cost effectiveness of malaria vector control activities in SudanSami M. HasapAla0Rasha S. Azrag1Osama M. Awad2Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Shendi UniversityVector Genetics and Control Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of KhartoumDepartment of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityAbstract Background Malaria vector control activities in Sudan rely largely on Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs), Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) and Larval Source Management (LSM). The present study attempted to determine cost effectiveness of inputs and operations of vector control interventions applied in different environmental settings in central and eastern Sudan, as well as their impact. Methods The inputs utilized and cost of each vector control activity, operational achievements and impact of the applied malaria vector control activities; IRS, LLINs and LSM were determined for eight sites in Al Gazira state (central Sudan) and Al Gadarif state (eastern Sudan). Operational costs were obtained from data of the National Malaria Control Program in 2017. Impact was measured using entomological indicators for Anopheles mosquitoes. Results The total cost per person per year was $1.6, $0.85, and $0.32 for IRS, LLINs and LSM, respectively. Coverage of vector control operations was 97%, 95.2% and 25–50% in IRS, LLINs and LSM, respectively. Vectorial capacity of malaria vectors showed statistically significant variations (P < 0.034) and ranged 0.294–0.65 in areas implemented LSM in comparison to 0.097–0.248 in areas applied IRS and LLINs, respectively. Both indoor and outdoor biting Anopheles mosquitoes showed noticeable increase that reached 3–12 folds in areas implemented LSM in comparison to areas implemented IRS and LLINs. Annual malaria prevalence was 13.1–21.1% in areas implemented LSM in comparison to 3.20%, 4.77% in areas implemented IRS and LLINs, respectively. Conclusion IRS and LLINs are cost effective control measures due to adequate inputs and organized process. However, the unit cost of LSM intervention per outcome and subsequently the impact is hugely affected by the low coverage. The very weak support for implementation of LSM which includes inputs resulted in weakness of its process and consequently its impact. Implementation of LSM by local government in urban settings is challenged by many factors the most important are maintenance of adequate stable level of funding, un-adequate number of well trained health workers, unstable political and administrative conditions and weak infrastructure. These challenges are critical for proper implementation of LSM and control of malaria in urban settings in Sudan.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-024-04900-7Insecticide residual sprayingLong-lasting insecticidal netsLarval source managementOperational costEntomological surveillance |
| spellingShingle | Sami M. HasapAla Rasha S. Azrag Osama M. Awad Cost effectiveness of malaria vector control activities in Sudan Malaria Journal Insecticide residual spraying Long-lasting insecticidal nets Larval source management Operational cost Entomological surveillance |
| title | Cost effectiveness of malaria vector control activities in Sudan |
| title_full | Cost effectiveness of malaria vector control activities in Sudan |
| title_fullStr | Cost effectiveness of malaria vector control activities in Sudan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cost effectiveness of malaria vector control activities in Sudan |
| title_short | Cost effectiveness of malaria vector control activities in Sudan |
| title_sort | cost effectiveness of malaria vector control activities in sudan |
| topic | Insecticide residual spraying Long-lasting insecticidal nets Larval source management Operational cost Entomological surveillance |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-024-04900-7 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT samimhasapala costeffectivenessofmalariavectorcontrolactivitiesinsudan AT rashasazrag costeffectivenessofmalariavectorcontrolactivitiesinsudan AT osamamawad costeffectivenessofmalariavectorcontrolactivitiesinsudan |