Apigetrin Abrogates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in L6 Skeletal Muscle Cells through NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathways
Apigetrin is a glycosidic flavonoid derived from <i>Teucrium gnaphalodes</i> that has a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer. Inflammation is a kind of defense mechanism in the body. Flavonoids are natural phytochemicals that exert...
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2022-06-01
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| author | Sang-Eun Ha Pritam Bhagwan Bhosale Hun-Hwan Kim Min-Yeong Park Abuyaseer Abusaliya Gon-Sup Kim Jin-A Kim |
| author_facet | Sang-Eun Ha Pritam Bhagwan Bhosale Hun-Hwan Kim Min-Yeong Park Abuyaseer Abusaliya Gon-Sup Kim Jin-A Kim |
| author_sort | Sang-Eun Ha |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Apigetrin is a glycosidic flavonoid derived from <i>Teucrium gnaphalodes</i> that has a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer. Inflammation is a kind of defense mechanism in the body. Flavonoids are natural phytochemicals that exert anti-inflammatory effects in numerous cells. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of apigetrin and its underlying mechanism of activity in skeletal muscle cells (L6). The determination of cytotoxicity was performed by MTT assay. We treated L6 cells with apigetrin, and nontoxic concentrations were chosen to perform further experimentation. Apigetrin inhibited the expression of iNOS and COX-2 induced by LPS in a dose-dependent manner. iNOS and COX-2 are inflammatory markers responsible for enhancing the inflammatory response. Apigetrin also inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylation of p65 and IκB-α. NF-κB signaling regulates the inflammatory process by mediating various proinflammatory genes. Similarly, the MAPK signaling pathway consists of ERK, JNK, and p38, which plays a critical role in the production of cytokines and downstream signaling events leading to inflammation. Apigetrin significantly downregulated the phosphorylation of JNK and p38, but did not affect the phosphorylation of ERK in the LPS-stimulated cells. These findings indicate the correlation between the anti-inflammatory activity of NF-κB and the MAPK signaling pathway. Thus, our overall finding suggests that apigetrin has anti-inflammatory effects and it can be considered for further drug design on L6 skeletal muscle cells. |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:03:17Z |
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| series | Current Issues in Molecular Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-4046ddab682a402ea4c95ac504710ce22023-12-01T23:14:53ZengMDPI AGCurrent Issues in Molecular Biology1467-30371467-30452022-06-014462635264510.3390/cimb44060180Apigetrin Abrogates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in L6 Skeletal Muscle Cells through NF-κB/MAPK Signaling PathwaysSang-Eun Ha0Pritam Bhagwan Bhosale1Hun-Hwan Kim2Min-Yeong Park3Abuyaseer Abusaliya4Gon-Sup Kim5Jin-A Kim6Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, KoreaResearch Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, KoreaResearch Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, KoreaResearch Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, KoreaResearch Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, KoreaResearch Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, KoreaDepartment of Physical Therapy, International University of Korea, Jinju 52833, KoreaApigetrin is a glycosidic flavonoid derived from <i>Teucrium gnaphalodes</i> that has a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer. Inflammation is a kind of defense mechanism in the body. Flavonoids are natural phytochemicals that exert anti-inflammatory effects in numerous cells. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of apigetrin and its underlying mechanism of activity in skeletal muscle cells (L6). The determination of cytotoxicity was performed by MTT assay. We treated L6 cells with apigetrin, and nontoxic concentrations were chosen to perform further experimentation. Apigetrin inhibited the expression of iNOS and COX-2 induced by LPS in a dose-dependent manner. iNOS and COX-2 are inflammatory markers responsible for enhancing the inflammatory response. Apigetrin also inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylation of p65 and IκB-α. NF-κB signaling regulates the inflammatory process by mediating various proinflammatory genes. Similarly, the MAPK signaling pathway consists of ERK, JNK, and p38, which plays a critical role in the production of cytokines and downstream signaling events leading to inflammation. Apigetrin significantly downregulated the phosphorylation of JNK and p38, but did not affect the phosphorylation of ERK in the LPS-stimulated cells. These findings indicate the correlation between the anti-inflammatory activity of NF-κB and the MAPK signaling pathway. Thus, our overall finding suggests that apigetrin has anti-inflammatory effects and it can be considered for further drug design on L6 skeletal muscle cells.https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/44/6/180apigetrinL6anti-inflammationNF-κBMAPK |
| spellingShingle | Sang-Eun Ha Pritam Bhagwan Bhosale Hun-Hwan Kim Min-Yeong Park Abuyaseer Abusaliya Gon-Sup Kim Jin-A Kim Apigetrin Abrogates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in L6 Skeletal Muscle Cells through NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathways Current Issues in Molecular Biology apigetrin L6 anti-inflammation NF-κB MAPK |
| title | Apigetrin Abrogates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in L6 Skeletal Muscle Cells through NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathways |
| title_full | Apigetrin Abrogates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in L6 Skeletal Muscle Cells through NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathways |
| title_fullStr | Apigetrin Abrogates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in L6 Skeletal Muscle Cells through NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathways |
| title_full_unstemmed | Apigetrin Abrogates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in L6 Skeletal Muscle Cells through NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathways |
| title_short | Apigetrin Abrogates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in L6 Skeletal Muscle Cells through NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathways |
| title_sort | apigetrin abrogates lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation in l6 skeletal muscle cells through nf κb mapk signaling pathways |
| topic | apigetrin L6 anti-inflammation NF-κB MAPK |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/44/6/180 |
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