FPGA-Based Implementation of an Adaptive Noise Controller for Continuous Wave Superconducting Cavity
Low-level radio frequency (LLRF) systems have been designed to regulate the accelerator field in the cavity; these systems have been used in the free electron laser (FLASH) and European X-ray free-electron laser (E-XFEL). However, the reliable operation of these cavities is often hindered by two pri...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Electronics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/13/1/155 |
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| author | Fatemeh Abdi Wojciech Cichalewski Wojciech Jałmużna Łukasz Butkowski Julien Branlard Andrea Bellandi Grzegorz Jabłoński |
| author_facet | Fatemeh Abdi Wojciech Cichalewski Wojciech Jałmużna Łukasz Butkowski Julien Branlard Andrea Bellandi Grzegorz Jabłoński |
| author_sort | Fatemeh Abdi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Low-level radio frequency (LLRF) systems have been designed to regulate the accelerator field in the cavity; these systems have been used in the free electron laser (FLASH) and European X-ray free-electron laser (E-XFEL). However, the reliable operation of these cavities is often hindered by two primary sources of noise and disturbances: Lorentz force detuning (LFD) and mechanical vibrations, commonly known as microphonics. This article presents an innovative solution in the form of a narrowband active noise controller (NANC) designed to compensate for the narrowband mechanical noise generated by certain supporting machines, such as vacuum pumps and helium pressure vibrations. To identify the adaptive filter coefficients in the NANC method, a least mean squares (LMS) algorithm is put forward. Furthermore, a variable step size (VSS) method is proposed to estimate the adaptive filter coefficients based on changes in microphonics, ultimately compensating for their effects on the cryomodule. An accelerometer with an SPI interface and some transmission boards are manufactured and mounted at the cryomodule test bench (CMTB) to measure the microphonics and transfer them via Ethernet cable from the cryomodule side to the LLRF crate side. Several locations had been selected to find the optimal location for installing the accelerometer. The proposed NANC method is characterized by low computational complexity, stability, and high tracking ability. By addressing the challenges associated with noise and disturbances in cavity operation, this research contributes to the enhanced performance and reliability of LLRF systems in particle accelerators. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T15:08:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-404c6f21669a47ad940567ab6eab2789 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-9292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T15:08:16Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Electronics |
| spelling | doaj.art-404c6f21669a47ad940567ab6eab27892024-01-10T14:54:48ZengMDPI AGElectronics2079-92922023-12-0113115510.3390/electronics13010155FPGA-Based Implementation of an Adaptive Noise Controller for Continuous Wave Superconducting CavityFatemeh Abdi0Wojciech Cichalewski1Wojciech Jałmużna2Łukasz Butkowski3Julien Branlard4Andrea Bellandi5Grzegorz Jabłoński6Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science, Łódź University of Technology, 93-005 Łódź, PolandDepartment of Microelectronics and Computer Science, Łódź University of Technology, 93-005 Łódź, PolandDepartment of Microelectronics and Computer Science, Łódź University of Technology, 93-005 Łódź, PolandDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, GermanyDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, GermanyDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, GermanyDepartment of Microelectronics and Computer Science, Łódź University of Technology, 93-005 Łódź, PolandLow-level radio frequency (LLRF) systems have been designed to regulate the accelerator field in the cavity; these systems have been used in the free electron laser (FLASH) and European X-ray free-electron laser (E-XFEL). However, the reliable operation of these cavities is often hindered by two primary sources of noise and disturbances: Lorentz force detuning (LFD) and mechanical vibrations, commonly known as microphonics. This article presents an innovative solution in the form of a narrowband active noise controller (NANC) designed to compensate for the narrowband mechanical noise generated by certain supporting machines, such as vacuum pumps and helium pressure vibrations. To identify the adaptive filter coefficients in the NANC method, a least mean squares (LMS) algorithm is put forward. Furthermore, a variable step size (VSS) method is proposed to estimate the adaptive filter coefficients based on changes in microphonics, ultimately compensating for their effects on the cryomodule. An accelerometer with an SPI interface and some transmission boards are manufactured and mounted at the cryomodule test bench (CMTB) to measure the microphonics and transfer them via Ethernet cable from the cryomodule side to the LLRF crate side. Several locations had been selected to find the optimal location for installing the accelerometer. The proposed NANC method is characterized by low computational complexity, stability, and high tracking ability. By addressing the challenges associated with noise and disturbances in cavity operation, this research contributes to the enhanced performance and reliability of LLRF systems in particle accelerators.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/13/1/155narrowband active noise controller (NANC)least mean squares (LMS)field-programmable gate array (FPGA)microphonicsacceleratorcontinuous wave (CW) |
| spellingShingle | Fatemeh Abdi Wojciech Cichalewski Wojciech Jałmużna Łukasz Butkowski Julien Branlard Andrea Bellandi Grzegorz Jabłoński FPGA-Based Implementation of an Adaptive Noise Controller for Continuous Wave Superconducting Cavity Electronics narrowband active noise controller (NANC) least mean squares (LMS) field-programmable gate array (FPGA) microphonics accelerator continuous wave (CW) |
| title | FPGA-Based Implementation of an Adaptive Noise Controller for Continuous Wave Superconducting Cavity |
| title_full | FPGA-Based Implementation of an Adaptive Noise Controller for Continuous Wave Superconducting Cavity |
| title_fullStr | FPGA-Based Implementation of an Adaptive Noise Controller for Continuous Wave Superconducting Cavity |
| title_full_unstemmed | FPGA-Based Implementation of an Adaptive Noise Controller for Continuous Wave Superconducting Cavity |
| title_short | FPGA-Based Implementation of an Adaptive Noise Controller for Continuous Wave Superconducting Cavity |
| title_sort | fpga based implementation of an adaptive noise controller for continuous wave superconducting cavity |
| topic | narrowband active noise controller (NANC) least mean squares (LMS) field-programmable gate array (FPGA) microphonics accelerator continuous wave (CW) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/13/1/155 |
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