Long-Term Humoral Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2 after Natural Infection and Subsequent Vaccination According to WHO International Binding Antibody Units (BAU/mL)
The new WHO reference standard allows for the definition of serum antibodies against various SARS-CoV-2 antigens in terms of binding antibody units (BAU/mL) and thus to compare the results of different ELISA systems. In this study, the concentration of antibodies (ABs) against both the S- and the N-...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-11-01
|
| Series: | Viruses |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/12/2336 |
| _version_ | 1827669042444369920 |
|---|---|
| author | Natalia Ruetalo Bertram Flehmig Michael Schindler Lutz Pridzun Angelika Haage Marija Reichenbächer Thomas Kirchner Teresa Kirchner Karin Klingel Michael B. Ranke Andrea Normann |
| author_facet | Natalia Ruetalo Bertram Flehmig Michael Schindler Lutz Pridzun Angelika Haage Marija Reichenbächer Thomas Kirchner Teresa Kirchner Karin Klingel Michael B. Ranke Andrea Normann |
| author_sort | Natalia Ruetalo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The new WHO reference standard allows for the definition of serum antibodies against various SARS-CoV-2 antigens in terms of binding antibody units (BAU/mL) and thus to compare the results of different ELISA systems. In this study, the concentration of antibodies (ABs) against both the S- and the N-protein of SARS-CoV-2 as well as serum neutralization activity were evaluated in three patients after a mild course of COVID-19. Serum samples were collected frequently during a period of over one year. Furthermore, in two individuals, the effects of an additional vaccination with a mRNA vaccine containing the S1-RBD sequence on these antibodies were examined. After natural infection, the antibodies (IgA, IgG) against the S1-protein remained elevated above the established cut-off to positivity (S-IgA 60 BAU/mL and S-IgG 50 BAU/mL, respectively) for over a year in all patients, while this was not the case for ABs against the N-protein (cut-off N-IgG 40 BAU/mL, N-IgA 256 BAU/mL). Sera from all patients retained the ability to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 for more than a year. Vaccination resulted in a rapid boost of antibodies to S1-protein but, as expected, not to the N-protein. Most likely, the wide use of the WHO reference preparation will be very useful in determining the individual immune status of patients after an infection with SARS-CoV-2 or after vaccination. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:54:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4050d108f70d4a958b70052b42f449f2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:54:59Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-4050d108f70d4a958b70052b42f449f22023-11-23T10:56:27ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152021-11-011312233610.3390/v13122336Long-Term Humoral Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2 after Natural Infection and Subsequent Vaccination According to WHO International Binding Antibody Units (BAU/mL)Natalia Ruetalo0Bertram Flehmig1Michael Schindler2Lutz Pridzun3Angelika Haage4Marija Reichenbächer5Thomas Kirchner6Teresa Kirchner7Karin Klingel8Michael B. Ranke9Andrea Normann10Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076 Tuebingen, GermanyPaediatric Endocrinology, University Children’s Hospital, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076 Tuebingen, GermanyInstitute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076 Tuebingen, GermanyMediagnost Gesellschaft für Forschung und Herstellung von Diagnostika GmbH, Aspenhaustr. 25, 72770 Reutlingen, GermanyMediagnost Gesellschaft für Forschung und Herstellung von Diagnostika GmbH, Aspenhaustr. 25, 72770 Reutlingen, GermanyMediagnost Gesellschaft für Forschung und Herstellung von Diagnostika GmbH, Aspenhaustr. 25, 72770 Reutlingen, GermanyPediatric Practice, Kapuzinerberg 17, 71263 Weil der Stadt, GermanyPediatric Practice, Kapuzinerberg 17, 71263 Weil der Stadt, GermanyInstitute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Liebermeisterstr. 8, 72076 Tuebingen, GermanyPaediatric Endocrinology, University Children’s Hospital, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076 Tuebingen, GermanyMediagnost Gesellschaft für Forschung und Herstellung von Diagnostika GmbH, Aspenhaustr. 25, 72770 Reutlingen, GermanyThe new WHO reference standard allows for the definition of serum antibodies against various SARS-CoV-2 antigens in terms of binding antibody units (BAU/mL) and thus to compare the results of different ELISA systems. In this study, the concentration of antibodies (ABs) against both the S- and the N-protein of SARS-CoV-2 as well as serum neutralization activity were evaluated in three patients after a mild course of COVID-19. Serum samples were collected frequently during a period of over one year. Furthermore, in two individuals, the effects of an additional vaccination with a mRNA vaccine containing the S1-RBD sequence on these antibodies were examined. After natural infection, the antibodies (IgA, IgG) against the S1-protein remained elevated above the established cut-off to positivity (S-IgA 60 BAU/mL and S-IgG 50 BAU/mL, respectively) for over a year in all patients, while this was not the case for ABs against the N-protein (cut-off N-IgG 40 BAU/mL, N-IgA 256 BAU/mL). Sera from all patients retained the ability to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 for more than a year. Vaccination resulted in a rapid boost of antibodies to S1-protein but, as expected, not to the N-protein. Most likely, the wide use of the WHO reference preparation will be very useful in determining the individual immune status of patients after an infection with SARS-CoV-2 or after vaccination.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/12/2336COVID-19SARS-CoV-2anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodiesSARS-CoV-2 S1-RBD-proteinSARS-CoV-2 N-proteinSARS-CoV-2 WHO standard |
| spellingShingle | Natalia Ruetalo Bertram Flehmig Michael Schindler Lutz Pridzun Angelika Haage Marija Reichenbächer Thomas Kirchner Teresa Kirchner Karin Klingel Michael B. Ranke Andrea Normann Long-Term Humoral Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2 after Natural Infection and Subsequent Vaccination According to WHO International Binding Antibody Units (BAU/mL) Viruses COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies SARS-CoV-2 S1-RBD-protein SARS-CoV-2 N-protein SARS-CoV-2 WHO standard |
| title | Long-Term Humoral Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2 after Natural Infection and Subsequent Vaccination According to WHO International Binding Antibody Units (BAU/mL) |
| title_full | Long-Term Humoral Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2 after Natural Infection and Subsequent Vaccination According to WHO International Binding Antibody Units (BAU/mL) |
| title_fullStr | Long-Term Humoral Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2 after Natural Infection and Subsequent Vaccination According to WHO International Binding Antibody Units (BAU/mL) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Long-Term Humoral Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2 after Natural Infection and Subsequent Vaccination According to WHO International Binding Antibody Units (BAU/mL) |
| title_short | Long-Term Humoral Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2 after Natural Infection and Subsequent Vaccination According to WHO International Binding Antibody Units (BAU/mL) |
| title_sort | long term humoral immune response against sars cov 2 after natural infection and subsequent vaccination according to who international binding antibody units bau ml |
| topic | COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies SARS-CoV-2 S1-RBD-protein SARS-CoV-2 N-protein SARS-CoV-2 WHO standard |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/12/2336 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nataliaruetalo longtermhumoralimmuneresponseagainstsarscov2afternaturalinfectionandsubsequentvaccinationaccordingtowhointernationalbindingantibodyunitsbauml AT bertramflehmig longtermhumoralimmuneresponseagainstsarscov2afternaturalinfectionandsubsequentvaccinationaccordingtowhointernationalbindingantibodyunitsbauml AT michaelschindler longtermhumoralimmuneresponseagainstsarscov2afternaturalinfectionandsubsequentvaccinationaccordingtowhointernationalbindingantibodyunitsbauml AT lutzpridzun longtermhumoralimmuneresponseagainstsarscov2afternaturalinfectionandsubsequentvaccinationaccordingtowhointernationalbindingantibodyunitsbauml AT angelikahaage longtermhumoralimmuneresponseagainstsarscov2afternaturalinfectionandsubsequentvaccinationaccordingtowhointernationalbindingantibodyunitsbauml AT marijareichenbacher longtermhumoralimmuneresponseagainstsarscov2afternaturalinfectionandsubsequentvaccinationaccordingtowhointernationalbindingantibodyunitsbauml AT thomaskirchner longtermhumoralimmuneresponseagainstsarscov2afternaturalinfectionandsubsequentvaccinationaccordingtowhointernationalbindingantibodyunitsbauml AT teresakirchner longtermhumoralimmuneresponseagainstsarscov2afternaturalinfectionandsubsequentvaccinationaccordingtowhointernationalbindingantibodyunitsbauml AT karinklingel longtermhumoralimmuneresponseagainstsarscov2afternaturalinfectionandsubsequentvaccinationaccordingtowhointernationalbindingantibodyunitsbauml AT michaelbranke longtermhumoralimmuneresponseagainstsarscov2afternaturalinfectionandsubsequentvaccinationaccordingtowhointernationalbindingantibodyunitsbauml AT andreanormann longtermhumoralimmuneresponseagainstsarscov2afternaturalinfectionandsubsequentvaccinationaccordingtowhointernationalbindingantibodyunitsbauml |