Echocardiographic values in healthy Pugs: Effect of body weight, age, and sex
Background: Transthoracic echocardiography represents the main noninvasive technique for evaluating cardiac morphology and function in dogs. In dogs with particular somatotypes, such as brachymorphic dogs, breed-specific echocardiographic values are needed for a proper echocardiographic interpretat...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Tripoli University
2023-08-01
|
| Series: | Open Veterinary Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=146473 |
| _version_ | 1797656968528134144 |
|---|---|
| author | Giovanni Romito Prisca Castagna Maria Chiara Sabetti Michela Ablondi Mario Cipone |
| author_facet | Giovanni Romito Prisca Castagna Maria Chiara Sabetti Michela Ablondi Mario Cipone |
| author_sort | Giovanni Romito |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background:
Transthoracic echocardiography represents the main noninvasive technique for evaluating cardiac morphology and function in dogs. In dogs with particular somatotypes, such as brachymorphic dogs, breed-specific echocardiographic values are needed for a proper echocardiographic interpretation. Nowadays, the Pug represents one of the most popular brachymorphic canine breeds worldwide. However, data on echocardiographic measurements in this breed are currently limited.
Aim:
We aimed to determine echocardiographic values in a population of apparently healthy Pugs, and to assess the possible effects of body weight, age, and sex on selected echocardiographic variables, with particular emphasis on those related to the left-sided cardiac chambers.
Methods:
Apparently healthy Pugs underwent a full physical examination, a one-minute six-lead electrocardiogram, and a complete transthoracic echocardiography. Twenty-four echocardiographic variables were measured combining M-mode, two-dimensional and Doppler modalities, and relative values were determined by applying the statistical procedures recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Moreover, the effect of selected demographic variables on echocardiographic measurements were tested using a linear mixed model.
Results:
The investigation included 86 Pugs. Echocardiographic values were provided for each variable and compared with previous veterinary literature. A statistically significant effect of body weight (e.g., end-systolic left ventricular diameter and absolute left atrial diameter), age, and sex was documented for several of the tested variables. Doppler examination demonstrated a trivial pulmonary regurgitation in 24/86 (27.9%) Pugs. Moreover, a persistent left cranial vena cava was suspected in 4/86 (4.7%) dogs.
Conclusion:
Echocardiographic features of the Pug were addressed and echocardiographic values made available for clinical use. Because our findings were obtained using a standardized echocardiographic analysis in a population of 86 healthy Pugs, they may act as a reliable guide for an accurate echocardiographic interpretation in this breed. [Open Vet J 2023; 13(8.000): 965-976] |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T17:37:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4063949b157a48428a992c0ebb950334 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2226-4485 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T17:37:39Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | Tripoli University |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Open Veterinary Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-4063949b157a48428a992c0ebb9503342023-10-18T15:28:09ZengTripoli UniversityOpen Veterinary Journal2226-44852023-08-0113896597610.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i8.2146473Echocardiographic values in healthy Pugs: Effect of body weight, age, and sexGiovanni Romito0Prisca Castagna1Maria Chiara Sabetti2Michela Ablondi3Mario Cipone4Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy Clinica Veterinaria San Emilio, via Ettore Nardi 19F, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, ItalyBackground: Transthoracic echocardiography represents the main noninvasive technique for evaluating cardiac morphology and function in dogs. In dogs with particular somatotypes, such as brachymorphic dogs, breed-specific echocardiographic values are needed for a proper echocardiographic interpretation. Nowadays, the Pug represents one of the most popular brachymorphic canine breeds worldwide. However, data on echocardiographic measurements in this breed are currently limited. Aim: We aimed to determine echocardiographic values in a population of apparently healthy Pugs, and to assess the possible effects of body weight, age, and sex on selected echocardiographic variables, with particular emphasis on those related to the left-sided cardiac chambers. Methods: Apparently healthy Pugs underwent a full physical examination, a one-minute six-lead electrocardiogram, and a complete transthoracic echocardiography. Twenty-four echocardiographic variables were measured combining M-mode, two-dimensional and Doppler modalities, and relative values were determined by applying the statistical procedures recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Moreover, the effect of selected demographic variables on echocardiographic measurements were tested using a linear mixed model. Results: The investigation included 86 Pugs. Echocardiographic values were provided for each variable and compared with previous veterinary literature. A statistically significant effect of body weight (e.g., end-systolic left ventricular diameter and absolute left atrial diameter), age, and sex was documented for several of the tested variables. Doppler examination demonstrated a trivial pulmonary regurgitation in 24/86 (27.9%) Pugs. Moreover, a persistent left cranial vena cava was suspected in 4/86 (4.7%) dogs. Conclusion: Echocardiographic features of the Pug were addressed and echocardiographic values made available for clinical use. Because our findings were obtained using a standardized echocardiographic analysis in a population of 86 healthy Pugs, they may act as a reliable guide for an accurate echocardiographic interpretation in this breed. [Open Vet J 2023; 13(8.000): 965-976]https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=146473brachymorphicpersistent left cranial vena cavapulmonary regurgitationreference intervaltransthoracic echocardiography |
| spellingShingle | Giovanni Romito Prisca Castagna Maria Chiara Sabetti Michela Ablondi Mario Cipone Echocardiographic values in healthy Pugs: Effect of body weight, age, and sex Open Veterinary Journal brachymorphic persistent left cranial vena cava pulmonary regurgitation reference interval transthoracic echocardiography |
| title | Echocardiographic values in healthy Pugs: Effect of body weight, age, and sex |
| title_full | Echocardiographic values in healthy Pugs: Effect of body weight, age, and sex |
| title_fullStr | Echocardiographic values in healthy Pugs: Effect of body weight, age, and sex |
| title_full_unstemmed | Echocardiographic values in healthy Pugs: Effect of body weight, age, and sex |
| title_short | Echocardiographic values in healthy Pugs: Effect of body weight, age, and sex |
| title_sort | echocardiographic values in healthy pugs effect of body weight age and sex |
| topic | brachymorphic persistent left cranial vena cava pulmonary regurgitation reference interval transthoracic echocardiography |
| url | https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=146473 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT giovanniromito echocardiographicvaluesinhealthypugseffectofbodyweightageandsex AT priscacastagna echocardiographicvaluesinhealthypugseffectofbodyweightageandsex AT mariachiarasabetti echocardiographicvaluesinhealthypugseffectofbodyweightageandsex AT michelaablondi echocardiographicvaluesinhealthypugseffectofbodyweightageandsex AT mariocipone echocardiographicvaluesinhealthypugseffectofbodyweightageandsex |