Plant Extracellular Vesicles and Nanovesicles: Focus on Secondary Metabolites, Proteins and Lipids with Perspectives on Their Potential and Sources
While human extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted a big deal of interest and have been extensively characterized over the last years, plant-derived EVs and nanovesicles have earned less attention and have remained poorly investigated. Although a series of investigations already revealed promis...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3719 |
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| author | Eric Woith Gea Guerriero Jean-Francois Hausman Jenny Renaut Céline C. Leclercq Christoph Weise Sylvain Legay Alexander Weng Matthias F. Melzig |
| author_facet | Eric Woith Gea Guerriero Jean-Francois Hausman Jenny Renaut Céline C. Leclercq Christoph Weise Sylvain Legay Alexander Weng Matthias F. Melzig |
| author_sort | Eric Woith |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | While human extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted a big deal of interest and have been extensively characterized over the last years, plant-derived EVs and nanovesicles have earned less attention and have remained poorly investigated. Although a series of investigations already revealed promising beneficial health effects and drug delivery properties, adequate (pre)clinical studies are rare. This fact might be caused by a lack of sources with appropriate qualities. Our study introduces plant cell suspension culture as a new and well controllable source for plant EVs. Plant cells, cultured in vitro, release EVs into the growth medium which could be harvested for pharmaceutical applications. In this investigation we characterized EVs and nanovesicles from distinct sources. Our findings regarding secondary metabolites indicate that these might not be packaged into EVs in an active manner but enriched in the membrane when lipophilic enough, since apparently lipophilic compounds were associated with nanovesicles while more hydrophilic structures were not consistently found. In addition, protein identification revealed a possible explanation for the mechanism of EV cell wall passage in plants, since cell wall hydrolases like 1,3-<i>β</i>-glucosidases, pectinesterases, polygalacturonases, <i>β</i>-galactosidases and <i>β</i>-xylosidase/<i>α</i>-L-arabinofuranosidase 2-like are present in plant EVs and nanovesicles which might facilitate cell wall transition. Further on, the identified proteins indicate that plant cells secrete EVs using similar mechanisms as animal cells to release exosomes and microvesicles. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:38:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-407206f9628547388532197548c5551e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:38:30Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-407206f9628547388532197548c5551e2023-11-21T14:03:45ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-04-01227371910.3390/ijms22073719Plant Extracellular Vesicles and Nanovesicles: Focus on Secondary Metabolites, Proteins and Lipids with Perspectives on Their Potential and SourcesEric Woith0Gea Guerriero1Jean-Francois Hausman2Jenny Renaut3Céline C. Leclercq4Christoph Weise5Sylvain Legay6Alexander Weng7Matthias F. Melzig8Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, GermanyLuxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, 5 rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, LuxembourgLuxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, 5 rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, LuxembourgLuxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, LuxembourgLuxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, LuxembourgFreie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Core Facility BioSupraMol, Thielallee 63, D-14195 Berlin, GermanyLuxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, 5 rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, LuxembourgFreie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, GermanyFreie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, GermanyWhile human extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted a big deal of interest and have been extensively characterized over the last years, plant-derived EVs and nanovesicles have earned less attention and have remained poorly investigated. Although a series of investigations already revealed promising beneficial health effects and drug delivery properties, adequate (pre)clinical studies are rare. This fact might be caused by a lack of sources with appropriate qualities. Our study introduces plant cell suspension culture as a new and well controllable source for plant EVs. Plant cells, cultured in vitro, release EVs into the growth medium which could be harvested for pharmaceutical applications. In this investigation we characterized EVs and nanovesicles from distinct sources. Our findings regarding secondary metabolites indicate that these might not be packaged into EVs in an active manner but enriched in the membrane when lipophilic enough, since apparently lipophilic compounds were associated with nanovesicles while more hydrophilic structures were not consistently found. In addition, protein identification revealed a possible explanation for the mechanism of EV cell wall passage in plants, since cell wall hydrolases like 1,3-<i>β</i>-glucosidases, pectinesterases, polygalacturonases, <i>β</i>-galactosidases and <i>β</i>-xylosidase/<i>α</i>-L-arabinofuranosidase 2-like are present in plant EVs and nanovesicles which might facilitate cell wall transition. Further on, the identified proteins indicate that plant cells secrete EVs using similar mechanisms as animal cells to release exosomes and microvesicles.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3719extracellular vesiclesplant nanovesiclesexosome-like nanoparticlesin vitro plant cell culturelipidsmetabolomics |
| spellingShingle | Eric Woith Gea Guerriero Jean-Francois Hausman Jenny Renaut Céline C. Leclercq Christoph Weise Sylvain Legay Alexander Weng Matthias F. Melzig Plant Extracellular Vesicles and Nanovesicles: Focus on Secondary Metabolites, Proteins and Lipids with Perspectives on Their Potential and Sources International Journal of Molecular Sciences extracellular vesicles plant nanovesicles exosome-like nanoparticles in vitro plant cell culture lipids metabolomics |
| title | Plant Extracellular Vesicles and Nanovesicles: Focus on Secondary Metabolites, Proteins and Lipids with Perspectives on Their Potential and Sources |
| title_full | Plant Extracellular Vesicles and Nanovesicles: Focus on Secondary Metabolites, Proteins and Lipids with Perspectives on Their Potential and Sources |
| title_fullStr | Plant Extracellular Vesicles and Nanovesicles: Focus on Secondary Metabolites, Proteins and Lipids with Perspectives on Their Potential and Sources |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plant Extracellular Vesicles and Nanovesicles: Focus on Secondary Metabolites, Proteins and Lipids with Perspectives on Their Potential and Sources |
| title_short | Plant Extracellular Vesicles and Nanovesicles: Focus on Secondary Metabolites, Proteins and Lipids with Perspectives on Their Potential and Sources |
| title_sort | plant extracellular vesicles and nanovesicles focus on secondary metabolites proteins and lipids with perspectives on their potential and sources |
| topic | extracellular vesicles plant nanovesicles exosome-like nanoparticles in vitro plant cell culture lipids metabolomics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3719 |
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