Theoretically Motivated Dark Electromagnetism as the Origin of Relativistic Modified Newtonian Dynamics
The present paper is a modest attempt to initiate the research program outlined in this abstract. We propose that general relativity and relativistic MOND (RelMOND) are analogues of broken electroweak symmetry. That is, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&qu...
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/10/3/123 |
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| author | Felix Finster José M. Isidro Claudio F. Paganini Tejinder P. Singh |
| author_facet | Felix Finster José M. Isidro Claudio F. Paganini Tejinder P. Singh |
| author_sort | Felix Finster |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The present paper is a modest attempt to initiate the research program outlined in this abstract. We propose that general relativity and relativistic MOND (RelMOND) are analogues of broken electroweak symmetry. That is, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>U</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>R</mi></msub><mo>×</mo><mi>U</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>Y</mi><mi>D</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow></msub><mo>→</mo><mi>U</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>D</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (DEM stands for dark electromagnetism), and GR is assumed to arise from the broken <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>U</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>R</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> symmetry and is analogous to the weak force. RelMOND is identified with dark electromagnetism <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>U</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>D</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, which is the remaining unbroken symmetry after the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the dark electro-grav sector <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>U</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>R</mi></msub><mo>×</mo><mi>U</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>Y</mi><mi>D</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. This sector, as well as the electroweak sector, arises from the breaking of an <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mn>8</mn></msub><mo>×</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mn>8</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> symmetry in a recently proposed model of unification of the standard model with pre-gravitation, with the latter based on an <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>U</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>R</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> gauge theory. The source charge for the dark electromagnetic force is the square root of mass, motivated by the experimental fact that the ratio of the square roots of the masses of the electron, up-quark, and down-quark is 1:2:3, which is the opposite of the ratio of their electric charges at 3:2:1. The introduction of the dark electromagnetic force helps us understand the peculiar mass ratios of the second and third generations of charged fermions. We also note that in the deep MOND regime, acceleration is proportional to the square root of mass, which motivates us to propose the relativistic <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>U</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>D</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> gauge symmetry as the origin of MOND. We explain why the dark electromagnetic force falls inversely with distance, as in MOND, rather than following the inverse square of distance. We conclude that dark electromagnetism effectively mimics cold dark matter, and the two are essentially indistinguishable in cosmological situations where CDM successfully explains observations, such as CMB anisotropies and gravitational lensing. |
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| issn | 2218-1997 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T17:47:04Z |
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| series | Universe |
| spelling | doaj.art-4072cc03f4db4b6e9f7c4a6e0bb53d8e2024-03-27T14:06:39ZengMDPI AGUniverse2218-19972024-03-0110312310.3390/universe10030123Theoretically Motivated Dark Electromagnetism as the Origin of Relativistic Modified Newtonian DynamicsFelix Finster0José M. Isidro1Claudio F. Paganini2Tejinder P. Singh3Fakultät für Mathematik, Universität Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, GermanyInstituto Universitario de Matemática Pura y Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, SpainFakultät für Mathematik, Universität Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, GermanyInter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, IndiaThe present paper is a modest attempt to initiate the research program outlined in this abstract. We propose that general relativity and relativistic MOND (RelMOND) are analogues of broken electroweak symmetry. That is, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>U</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>R</mi></msub><mo>×</mo><mi>U</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>Y</mi><mi>D</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow></msub><mo>→</mo><mi>U</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>D</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (DEM stands for dark electromagnetism), and GR is assumed to arise from the broken <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>U</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>R</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> symmetry and is analogous to the weak force. RelMOND is identified with dark electromagnetism <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>U</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>D</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, which is the remaining unbroken symmetry after the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the dark electro-grav sector <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>U</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>R</mi></msub><mo>×</mo><mi>U</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>Y</mi><mi>D</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. This sector, as well as the electroweak sector, arises from the breaking of an <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mn>8</mn></msub><mo>×</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mn>8</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> symmetry in a recently proposed model of unification of the standard model with pre-gravitation, with the latter based on an <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>U</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>R</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> gauge theory. The source charge for the dark electromagnetic force is the square root of mass, motivated by the experimental fact that the ratio of the square roots of the masses of the electron, up-quark, and down-quark is 1:2:3, which is the opposite of the ratio of their electric charges at 3:2:1. The introduction of the dark electromagnetic force helps us understand the peculiar mass ratios of the second and third generations of charged fermions. We also note that in the deep MOND regime, acceleration is proportional to the square root of mass, which motivates us to propose the relativistic <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>U</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>D</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> gauge symmetry as the origin of MOND. We explain why the dark electromagnetic force falls inversely with distance, as in MOND, rather than following the inverse square of distance. We conclude that dark electromagnetism effectively mimics cold dark matter, and the two are essentially indistinguishable in cosmological situations where CDM successfully explains observations, such as CMB anisotropies and gravitational lensing.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/10/3/123dark electromagnetismdark photonunificationdark matterMONDemergent gravity |
| spellingShingle | Felix Finster José M. Isidro Claudio F. Paganini Tejinder P. Singh Theoretically Motivated Dark Electromagnetism as the Origin of Relativistic Modified Newtonian Dynamics Universe dark electromagnetism dark photon unification dark matter MOND emergent gravity |
| title | Theoretically Motivated Dark Electromagnetism as the Origin of Relativistic Modified Newtonian Dynamics |
| title_full | Theoretically Motivated Dark Electromagnetism as the Origin of Relativistic Modified Newtonian Dynamics |
| title_fullStr | Theoretically Motivated Dark Electromagnetism as the Origin of Relativistic Modified Newtonian Dynamics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Theoretically Motivated Dark Electromagnetism as the Origin of Relativistic Modified Newtonian Dynamics |
| title_short | Theoretically Motivated Dark Electromagnetism as the Origin of Relativistic Modified Newtonian Dynamics |
| title_sort | theoretically motivated dark electromagnetism as the origin of relativistic modified newtonian dynamics |
| topic | dark electromagnetism dark photon unification dark matter MOND emergent gravity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/10/3/123 |
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